Patho Exam 1 Study Guide ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? To regulate the movement of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
What are the three key functions of the plasma Barrier function, transport regulation, and communication.
membrane?
What occurs during hypoxia? Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular dysfunction, potentially
resulting in cell death.
What are common causes of hypoxia? Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial
dysfunction.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? It serves as the cellular control center and contains DNA.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum It synthesizes immunoglobulins.
(Rough ER)?
What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? It is known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.
, Define malignancy. A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled growth, invasion, and
metastasis.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a
controlled, programmed cell death without inflammation.
What happens to a cell during ischemia? Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion, cellular swelling, and more severe cell
injury compared to hypoxia.
What are the effects of free radicals on cells? They cause loss of membrane integrity, defective genetic repair, and damage to
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What is cellular adaptation? Increased activity to maintain function, which can become maladaptive and lead
to ischemia and necrosis.
What is atrophy? A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal withdrawal.
What is hypertrophy? An increase in cell size.
What is hyperplasia? An increase in cell number that is reversible.
What is metaplasia? The replacement of one tissue type with another.
What is the difference between reversible and Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible
irreversible cell damage? damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
What determines sex differentiation in fetal The presence of the Y chromosome leads to male development, while its absence
development? results in female development.
What are secondary sex characteristics? Features that develop at puberty influenced by hormones, such as body hair and
breast development.
What is epigenetics? Environmental interactions that lead to heritable changes in gene expression
without altering DNA.
What are some examples of autosomal recessive traits? Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs.
ANSWERS
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane? To regulate the movement of molecules and ions into and out of the cell.
What are the three key functions of the plasma Barrier function, transport regulation, and communication.
membrane?
What occurs during hypoxia? Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion and cellular dysfunction, potentially
resulting in cell death.
What are common causes of hypoxia? Ischemia, lung infections, anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, and mitochondrial
dysfunction.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell? It serves as the cellular control center and contains DNA.
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum It synthesizes immunoglobulins.
(Rough ER)?
What is the mitochondria's role in the cell? It is known as the powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP.
, Define malignancy. A complex response to cellular injury involving uncontrolled growth, invasion, and
metastasis.
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death with inflammation, while apoptosis is a
controlled, programmed cell death without inflammation.
What happens to a cell during ischemia? Oxygen depletion leads to ATP depletion, cellular swelling, and more severe cell
injury compared to hypoxia.
What are the effects of free radicals on cells? They cause loss of membrane integrity, defective genetic repair, and damage to
lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
What is cellular adaptation? Increased activity to maintain function, which can become maladaptive and lead
to ischemia and necrosis.
What is atrophy? A decrease in cell size due to decreased use or hormonal withdrawal.
What is hypertrophy? An increase in cell size.
What is hyperplasia? An increase in cell number that is reversible.
What is metaplasia? The replacement of one tissue type with another.
What is the difference between reversible and Reversible damage includes cellular swelling and fatty change, while irreversible
irreversible cell damage? damage involves mitochondrial swelling and loss of membrane integrity.
What determines sex differentiation in fetal The presence of the Y chromosome leads to male development, while its absence
development? results in female development.
What are secondary sex characteristics? Features that develop at puberty influenced by hormones, such as body hair and
breast development.
What is epigenetics? Environmental interactions that lead to heritable changes in gene expression
without altering DNA.
What are some examples of autosomal recessive traits? Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs.
