IB ESS 2026 Topic 8 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
immigration Movement of individuals into a population
emigration movement of individuals out of an area
crude birth rate The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.
, crude death rate The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
natural increase the growth rate of a population; the difference between the birth rate and the
death rate
net migration The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
total fertility rate The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
replacement rate the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself
life expectancy A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
doubling time The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of
natural increase.
rule of 70 to find doubling time of pop, divide 70 by the percent of growth
Organization of Economic Cooperation and an international organization of 38 member countries that work together to
Development (OECD) promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development
demographic transition model A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
stage 1 (DTM) Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a
Zero NIR
stage 2 (DTM) High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a
CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase.
stage 3 (DTM) Decreasing growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that declined significantly, a
CDR that continues to decline, and a NIR that begins to moderate.
immigration Movement of individuals into a population
emigration movement of individuals out of an area
crude birth rate The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.
, crude death rate The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
natural increase the growth rate of a population; the difference between the birth rate and the
death rate
net migration The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
total fertility rate The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
replacement rate the total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself
life expectancy A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
doubling time The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of
natural increase.
rule of 70 to find doubling time of pop, divide 70 by the percent of growth
Organization of Economic Cooperation and an international organization of 38 member countries that work together to
Development (OECD) promote economic growth, prosperity, and sustainable development
demographic transition model A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth
and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
stage 1 (DTM) Low Growth: A pre-industrial agrarian society with a High CBR, High CDR, and a
Zero NIR
stage 2 (DTM) High Growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that remains high but stable, a
CDR that declines dramatically, and a NIR in rapid increase.
stage 3 (DTM) Decreasing growth: Industrializing society with a CBR that declined significantly, a
CDR that continues to decline, and a NIR that begins to moderate.
