2026 AQA A LEVEL LAW PAPER 1 EXAMPREP
MATERIAL SOLVED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS PREMIUM COLLECTION
◉ ACTUS REUS. Answer: ACTUS REUS
◉ Actus reus must be voluntary. Answer: Hill v Baxter
◉ Duty to act as parents. Answer: Gibbins & Proctor
◉ Assumed a duty to act. Answer: Stone & Dobinson
◉ Contractual duty to act. Answer: Pittwood
◉ Public duty to act. Answer: Dytham
◉ Duty to act as D set in motion a chain of events. Answer: Miller
◉ CAUSATION. Answer: CAUSATION
◉ Factual causation - 'but for' test. Answer: White
,◉ Legal causation - D's conduct contributed to it in a more than
minimal way. Answer: Smith
◉ Act of a third party. Answer: Smith
◉ Medical negligence - 'extraordinary and unusual'. Answer:
Cheshire
◉ V's own actions - must be very unusual, unexpected or
unreasonable. Answer: Roberts
◉ 'Thin skull' rule - D must take their victims as they find them.
Answer: Blaue
◉ MENS REA. Answer: MENS REA
◉ Direct intent - D desires or aims to bring about the prohibited
consequence. Answer: Mohan
◉ Oblique intent - The prohibited consequence must be a virtual
certainty and D realises this. Answer: Woollin
◉ Subjective recklessness - D must realise there is a risk of the
prohibited consequence happening and decide to take the risk.
Answer: Cunningham
, ◉ Transferred malice - crime against an unintended victim. Answer:
Latimer
◉ Transferred malice must be for the same type of crime. Answer:
Pembilton
◉ ASSAULT - S39 CJA 1988. Answer: ASSAULT - S39 CJA 1988
◉ Assault - D must intentionally or recklessly cause the victim to
apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence. Answer: Fagan v
MPC
◉ Apprehend means that V must be aware that they are about to be
subjected to violence. Answer: Smith v Supt of Woking
◉ Immediate means that V apprehends being subjected to violence
within a reasonable time. Answer: Smith v Supt of Woking
◉ Unlawful violence can be apprehended due to the use of words,
gestures or other means. Answer: Ireland - Silent phone calls
Constanza - 800 unwanted letters
Tuberville v Savage - Words can nullify an assault
◉ Mens rea of assault - Intention to cause another to apprehend the
application of immediate unlawful violence or recklessness as to
whether such fear is caused. Answer: Savage
MATERIAL SOLVED QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS PREMIUM COLLECTION
◉ ACTUS REUS. Answer: ACTUS REUS
◉ Actus reus must be voluntary. Answer: Hill v Baxter
◉ Duty to act as parents. Answer: Gibbins & Proctor
◉ Assumed a duty to act. Answer: Stone & Dobinson
◉ Contractual duty to act. Answer: Pittwood
◉ Public duty to act. Answer: Dytham
◉ Duty to act as D set in motion a chain of events. Answer: Miller
◉ CAUSATION. Answer: CAUSATION
◉ Factual causation - 'but for' test. Answer: White
,◉ Legal causation - D's conduct contributed to it in a more than
minimal way. Answer: Smith
◉ Act of a third party. Answer: Smith
◉ Medical negligence - 'extraordinary and unusual'. Answer:
Cheshire
◉ V's own actions - must be very unusual, unexpected or
unreasonable. Answer: Roberts
◉ 'Thin skull' rule - D must take their victims as they find them.
Answer: Blaue
◉ MENS REA. Answer: MENS REA
◉ Direct intent - D desires or aims to bring about the prohibited
consequence. Answer: Mohan
◉ Oblique intent - The prohibited consequence must be a virtual
certainty and D realises this. Answer: Woollin
◉ Subjective recklessness - D must realise there is a risk of the
prohibited consequence happening and decide to take the risk.
Answer: Cunningham
, ◉ Transferred malice - crime against an unintended victim. Answer:
Latimer
◉ Transferred malice must be for the same type of crime. Answer:
Pembilton
◉ ASSAULT - S39 CJA 1988. Answer: ASSAULT - S39 CJA 1988
◉ Assault - D must intentionally or recklessly cause the victim to
apprehend immediate unlawful personal violence. Answer: Fagan v
MPC
◉ Apprehend means that V must be aware that they are about to be
subjected to violence. Answer: Smith v Supt of Woking
◉ Immediate means that V apprehends being subjected to violence
within a reasonable time. Answer: Smith v Supt of Woking
◉ Unlawful violence can be apprehended due to the use of words,
gestures or other means. Answer: Ireland - Silent phone calls
Constanza - 800 unwanted letters
Tuberville v Savage - Words can nullify an assault
◉ Mens rea of assault - Intention to cause another to apprehend the
application of immediate unlawful violence or recklessness as to
whether such fear is caused. Answer: Savage
