NUR 471 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | COMPLETE NURSING EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old boy, and his parents, who has just been diagnosed with cancer and
requires surgery. Which intervention is most important to promote family centered care?
a) Arrange an additional meeting with the oncologist
b) Describe postoperative home care for the child
c) Involve the child and family in decision making
d) Discuss treatment options with the child and parents - ✔✔c) Involve the child and family in decision
making
What are going to be the pediatric assessment variances? - ✔✔· Speech
· Skin easily burned and hurt - water should be slightly warmer than room temp
· Fontanels (until ~18 mos.) - if closed earlier than they can have neurologic damage, may need to reopen
to grow
· Eyes: Acuity tested after age 3: "Tumbling E" or "HOTV"
o Cover/uncover test for strabismus (eye muscles) eyes are blurry and fuzzy, black and white
· Teething begins ~ 6 mos.
o ~ 6 teeth at age 1 begin teeth at 6 month,
o How much teeth - Age and month -6
o 9months - should have 3 teeths
o First dentist appointment - first 2 teeths
· Abdominal breathing normal til ~ 7 years → diaphragmatic breathing
· Cardiac: sinus arrhythmia common, murmurs common during ↑ metabolism
o Sinus arrhythmia is a normal physiological phenomenon, most commonly seen in young, healthy
people. The heart rate varies due to reflex changes in vagal tone during the different stages of the
respiratory cycle. Inspiration increases the heart rate by decreasing vagal tone.
· Abdomen-GENTLE palpation only
· Genitalia/Tanner (sexual maturity) staging
· M/S: spinal alignment a concern
What age should teeth begin? - ✔✔6 montjhs
When should be the first dentist appontments? - ✔✔When the first 2 teeths appear
At 9 mo, how many teeth should develop? - ✔✔3
What type of breathing do pediatric patients have and when does it end? - ✔✔abdominal breathing till
age 7
Stepping, rooting, palmar grasp, moro , tonic neck, plantar reflexes all appears when? - ✔✔birth
What should stepping reflexes disappear? - ✔✔2mo
When should rooting reflexes disappear? - ✔✔4mo
,Wjen should palmar grasps disappear? - ✔✔5-6mo
When should moro reflexes disappear? - ✔✔5-7mo
When should tonic neck reflex disappear? - ✔✔5-7mo
When should plantar grasp reflex disappear? - ✔✔9-12mo
What is a normal temperature for a 1yo? - ✔✔36.5-37
Weight should ____ by 6mo? - ✔✔double
Weight should ______ by 1 year/12mo? - ✔✔triple
What age should teeth arrupt? - ✔✔6mo
If pediatric patient is less than the 5th percentile for weight they are at risk for ..? - ✔✔malnutrition,
withdrawal and developmental delay
Those who are Failure to Thrive are at risk for ..? - ✔✔PKU
How do we manage those with FTT? - ✔✔· Nutrition
o Increase calories (quality calories) formula, can add formula to breast milks, or nurse and give formula
o Feed using consistent methods (place, time, environment)
o Gentle encouragement
· Assess parent/child interactions
o Eye contact, assessing cues rooting, eye contact,
o Role modeling
o Realistic expectations
· Facilitate improved physical, developmental status
o Consistent caregiver
o Role modeling
What is the priority goal for the nurse caring for an infant diagnosed with nonorganic/non-physiologic
failure to thrive?
a. Praise positive parenting
b. The child receives adequate nutrition for growth
c. Document all feedings and the child's response to feedings
d. Teach the parent not to spoil the child - ✔✔b. The child receives adequate nutrition for grown
The RN is teaching parents about the nutritional needs of the 1-year-old. Which type of milk is
recommended?
a. 2% milk beginning at 1 year
b. 1% milk beginning at 1 year
c. Whole milk until the age of 2 years
d. Skim/fat free milk beginning at 18 mos. - ✔✔c. Whole milk until the age of 2 years
,rational: Cows milk introduces after 1 year because their GI is not mature enough, can get GI bleeds
Age to introduce peanut butter - 6 months
What is considered hypoglycemia for neonates? - ✔✔less than 40mg/dl
What are going to be the nursing interventiosn for Hypoglycemia pediatric patients? - ✔✔· Monitor S/S
of hypoglycemis
· Assess blood glucose
· Assist breast feeding
· Infants of mothers with diabetes should receive 3-5mg/kg/min to prevent overstimulation od insulin
secretion
· Remain thermal environment to prevent cold stress, which increase utilization of glucose
Why do neonates become jaundice and hyperillirubenemia? - ✔✔· Results in the destruction of RBC,
infection, incompatibilities or metabolic disorders
· Due to immature liver
· Poor feeding patterns
Treatment:
How do we treat pediatric patients for jaundice and hyperillirubenemia? - ✔✔· BREAST MILK JAUNDICE:
Continue breast feeding in most infants
· BREASTFEEDING JAUNDICE: Continue breast feeding in most infants w/o supplementsation of glucose
water or other fluids
phototherapy
What is PKU? - ✔✔PKU (phenylketonuria)
· Inherited inability to break down Phenylalanine
· Having trouble with absorption
How do we diagnose patients with PKU? - ✔✔· Tested with Newborn Screening
o Need to prick the heel of the foot and need to drip onto the paper, invalid if it is not in the circle and
not filled
What is oging to be the treatement for PKU? - ✔✔Treatment: low phenylalanine diet
· Low protein infant formula
· ? Small amounts breast milk
· Low protein diet for mom
· No ASPARTAME (Nutrasweet/Equal)
o No fake sugars
· Needs to make sure mom is healthy as well
· Body odor
The nurse is teaching the mother of a child with phenylketonuria (PKU) about diet and realizes the
mother needs further instruction when she makes which of the following statements?
a. "Some vegetables are good."
b. "Lots of fish and meat will help him."
, c. "Most fruits are good."
d. "'Free foods' are allowed." - ✔✔b. "Lots of fish and meat will help him."
When should posterior fontanel close? - ✔✔2mo
When can they lift their heads? - ✔✔2mo
When can they start drooling? - ✔✔4mo
When can they start to coo? - ✔✔2mo
When do they start to smile? - ✔✔2mo
When can they grasp things with their hands? - ✔✔4mo
When can they babble, squeal, laugh? - ✔✔4mo
When do teeth begins? - ✔✔6mo
When do weight doubles? - ✔✔6mo
When can they sit unsupported? - ✔✔9mo
When can they roll from back to belly? - ✔✔
When can they begin to recognize parents? - ✔✔6mo
When can they understand no, and simple comands? - ✔✔9mo
When can they start to say mama and dada? - ✔✔9mo
When do they begin to have stranger anxiety? - ✔✔9 mo
When should the birth weight triples? - ✔✔12mo
When do they have a decrease in appetite as a child? - ✔✔18mo
When do their anterior fontanel close? - ✔✔18mo
When are they able to control their sphincters? - ✔✔18 mo
When should they be ready for toilet training? - ✔✔2 years
When should they begin to have temper tantrums? - ✔✔18mo
When should they achieve control of toilet? - ✔✔3 years
When can they start to make complete sentences? - ✔✔3 years
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027
The nurse is caring for a 14-year-old boy, and his parents, who has just been diagnosed with cancer and
requires surgery. Which intervention is most important to promote family centered care?
a) Arrange an additional meeting with the oncologist
b) Describe postoperative home care for the child
c) Involve the child and family in decision making
d) Discuss treatment options with the child and parents - ✔✔c) Involve the child and family in decision
making
What are going to be the pediatric assessment variances? - ✔✔· Speech
· Skin easily burned and hurt - water should be slightly warmer than room temp
· Fontanels (until ~18 mos.) - if closed earlier than they can have neurologic damage, may need to reopen
to grow
· Eyes: Acuity tested after age 3: "Tumbling E" or "HOTV"
o Cover/uncover test for strabismus (eye muscles) eyes are blurry and fuzzy, black and white
· Teething begins ~ 6 mos.
o ~ 6 teeth at age 1 begin teeth at 6 month,
o How much teeth - Age and month -6
o 9months - should have 3 teeths
o First dentist appointment - first 2 teeths
· Abdominal breathing normal til ~ 7 years → diaphragmatic breathing
· Cardiac: sinus arrhythmia common, murmurs common during ↑ metabolism
o Sinus arrhythmia is a normal physiological phenomenon, most commonly seen in young, healthy
people. The heart rate varies due to reflex changes in vagal tone during the different stages of the
respiratory cycle. Inspiration increases the heart rate by decreasing vagal tone.
· Abdomen-GENTLE palpation only
· Genitalia/Tanner (sexual maturity) staging
· M/S: spinal alignment a concern
What age should teeth begin? - ✔✔6 montjhs
When should be the first dentist appontments? - ✔✔When the first 2 teeths appear
At 9 mo, how many teeth should develop? - ✔✔3
What type of breathing do pediatric patients have and when does it end? - ✔✔abdominal breathing till
age 7
Stepping, rooting, palmar grasp, moro , tonic neck, plantar reflexes all appears when? - ✔✔birth
What should stepping reflexes disappear? - ✔✔2mo
When should rooting reflexes disappear? - ✔✔4mo
,Wjen should palmar grasps disappear? - ✔✔5-6mo
When should moro reflexes disappear? - ✔✔5-7mo
When should tonic neck reflex disappear? - ✔✔5-7mo
When should plantar grasp reflex disappear? - ✔✔9-12mo
What is a normal temperature for a 1yo? - ✔✔36.5-37
Weight should ____ by 6mo? - ✔✔double
Weight should ______ by 1 year/12mo? - ✔✔triple
What age should teeth arrupt? - ✔✔6mo
If pediatric patient is less than the 5th percentile for weight they are at risk for ..? - ✔✔malnutrition,
withdrawal and developmental delay
Those who are Failure to Thrive are at risk for ..? - ✔✔PKU
How do we manage those with FTT? - ✔✔· Nutrition
o Increase calories (quality calories) formula, can add formula to breast milks, or nurse and give formula
o Feed using consistent methods (place, time, environment)
o Gentle encouragement
· Assess parent/child interactions
o Eye contact, assessing cues rooting, eye contact,
o Role modeling
o Realistic expectations
· Facilitate improved physical, developmental status
o Consistent caregiver
o Role modeling
What is the priority goal for the nurse caring for an infant diagnosed with nonorganic/non-physiologic
failure to thrive?
a. Praise positive parenting
b. The child receives adequate nutrition for growth
c. Document all feedings and the child's response to feedings
d. Teach the parent not to spoil the child - ✔✔b. The child receives adequate nutrition for grown
The RN is teaching parents about the nutritional needs of the 1-year-old. Which type of milk is
recommended?
a. 2% milk beginning at 1 year
b. 1% milk beginning at 1 year
c. Whole milk until the age of 2 years
d. Skim/fat free milk beginning at 18 mos. - ✔✔c. Whole milk until the age of 2 years
,rational: Cows milk introduces after 1 year because their GI is not mature enough, can get GI bleeds
Age to introduce peanut butter - 6 months
What is considered hypoglycemia for neonates? - ✔✔less than 40mg/dl
What are going to be the nursing interventiosn for Hypoglycemia pediatric patients? - ✔✔· Monitor S/S
of hypoglycemis
· Assess blood glucose
· Assist breast feeding
· Infants of mothers with diabetes should receive 3-5mg/kg/min to prevent overstimulation od insulin
secretion
· Remain thermal environment to prevent cold stress, which increase utilization of glucose
Why do neonates become jaundice and hyperillirubenemia? - ✔✔· Results in the destruction of RBC,
infection, incompatibilities or metabolic disorders
· Due to immature liver
· Poor feeding patterns
Treatment:
How do we treat pediatric patients for jaundice and hyperillirubenemia? - ✔✔· BREAST MILK JAUNDICE:
Continue breast feeding in most infants
· BREASTFEEDING JAUNDICE: Continue breast feeding in most infants w/o supplementsation of glucose
water or other fluids
phototherapy
What is PKU? - ✔✔PKU (phenylketonuria)
· Inherited inability to break down Phenylalanine
· Having trouble with absorption
How do we diagnose patients with PKU? - ✔✔· Tested with Newborn Screening
o Need to prick the heel of the foot and need to drip onto the paper, invalid if it is not in the circle and
not filled
What is oging to be the treatement for PKU? - ✔✔Treatment: low phenylalanine diet
· Low protein infant formula
· ? Small amounts breast milk
· Low protein diet for mom
· No ASPARTAME (Nutrasweet/Equal)
o No fake sugars
· Needs to make sure mom is healthy as well
· Body odor
The nurse is teaching the mother of a child with phenylketonuria (PKU) about diet and realizes the
mother needs further instruction when she makes which of the following statements?
a. "Some vegetables are good."
b. "Lots of fish and meat will help him."
, c. "Most fruits are good."
d. "'Free foods' are allowed." - ✔✔b. "Lots of fish and meat will help him."
When should posterior fontanel close? - ✔✔2mo
When can they lift their heads? - ✔✔2mo
When can they start drooling? - ✔✔4mo
When can they start to coo? - ✔✔2mo
When do they start to smile? - ✔✔2mo
When can they grasp things with their hands? - ✔✔4mo
When can they babble, squeal, laugh? - ✔✔4mo
When do teeth begins? - ✔✔6mo
When do weight doubles? - ✔✔6mo
When can they sit unsupported? - ✔✔9mo
When can they roll from back to belly? - ✔✔
When can they begin to recognize parents? - ✔✔6mo
When can they understand no, and simple comands? - ✔✔9mo
When can they start to say mama and dada? - ✔✔9mo
When do they begin to have stranger anxiety? - ✔✔9 mo
When should the birth weight triples? - ✔✔12mo
When do they have a decrease in appetite as a child? - ✔✔18mo
When do their anterior fontanel close? - ✔✔18mo
When are they able to control their sphincters? - ✔✔18 mo
When should they be ready for toilet training? - ✔✔2 years
When should they begin to have temper tantrums? - ✔✔18mo
When should they achieve control of toilet? - ✔✔3 years
When can they start to make complete sentences? - ✔✔3 years
