What is an exon? Intron?
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Exon: coding piece of DNA in a gene
Intron: non coding of a gene removed during transcription
--DNA --DNA dependent RNA polymerase --> pre mRNA --splicing-->
mRNA
-Introns are removed and exons spliced together
-Genes mostly contain non-coding DNA
Why is SPS effective in making biomolecules?
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, -Biomolecules are very large
-require lots of chem rxns to make
-each rxn requires purification
-produces of these rxns have very similar chemical properties and can be
very difficult to purify
-Simply filtering reduces complexity of the synthesis
What is humulin?
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-First recombinant drug
-Identical to native human insulin
--same amino acid sequence
--same tertiary and quaternary structure
-Marketed as a safer form of insulin
--no proinsulin
What is the general idea behind SPS?
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-One of the components in the rxn is attached to a solid phase
-For purification, filtration is all that is required to separate product from
other impurities
What are the two types of diabetes?
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, Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
What is aspart?
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-Proline at position B28 replaced by aspartic acid
-Creates charge repulsion between molecules in the hexamer crystal
(crystal less stable)
--proline is neutral
--aspartic acid side chains negative at pH 7.4
-Good for bolus injections before meals
What is recrystallization?
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, -Dissolve a mixture in hot solvent
-Solvent should dissolve impurities as well
-Solvent should dissolve desired molecules well at high temp and poorly at
low temp
-After dissolving, solution is allowed to cool
-Crystals of the desired molecule precipitate from solution, while impurities
remain in solution
-Method works well if desired molecules form bulk of the mixture; not
effective if desired stuff is a minor component in the mixture
What is the key advantage of recombinant methods?
Give this one a try later!
SUPPLY
Animal source:
-Most hormones produced in tiny quantities in animals
-Need lots of animals
Recombinant source:
-Create a living factory to make your drug
-Use a microorganism or plant to make as much as you want
What is the purpose of cyanogen bromide treatment?
Give this one a try later!
-Separates the two proteins in the fusion protein at methionine
-Separates B-galactosidase & A-chain/B-chain
Give this one a try later!
Exon: coding piece of DNA in a gene
Intron: non coding of a gene removed during transcription
--DNA --DNA dependent RNA polymerase --> pre mRNA --splicing-->
mRNA
-Introns are removed and exons spliced together
-Genes mostly contain non-coding DNA
Why is SPS effective in making biomolecules?
Give this one a try later!
, -Biomolecules are very large
-require lots of chem rxns to make
-each rxn requires purification
-produces of these rxns have very similar chemical properties and can be
very difficult to purify
-Simply filtering reduces complexity of the synthesis
What is humulin?
Give this one a try later!
-First recombinant drug
-Identical to native human insulin
--same amino acid sequence
--same tertiary and quaternary structure
-Marketed as a safer form of insulin
--no proinsulin
What is the general idea behind SPS?
Give this one a try later!
-One of the components in the rxn is attached to a solid phase
-For purification, filtration is all that is required to separate product from
other impurities
What are the two types of diabetes?
Give this one a try later!
, Type 1 (10%)
-Pancreas no longer produces insulin
-Starts in childhood
-Autoimmune component
Type II (90%)
-Insulin resistance
-Pancreas produces insulin but cells do not respond
-Autoimmune component
-Obesity
What is aspart?
Give this one a try later!
-Proline at position B28 replaced by aspartic acid
-Creates charge repulsion between molecules in the hexamer crystal
(crystal less stable)
--proline is neutral
--aspartic acid side chains negative at pH 7.4
-Good for bolus injections before meals
What is recrystallization?
Give this one a try later!
, -Dissolve a mixture in hot solvent
-Solvent should dissolve impurities as well
-Solvent should dissolve desired molecules well at high temp and poorly at
low temp
-After dissolving, solution is allowed to cool
-Crystals of the desired molecule precipitate from solution, while impurities
remain in solution
-Method works well if desired molecules form bulk of the mixture; not
effective if desired stuff is a minor component in the mixture
What is the key advantage of recombinant methods?
Give this one a try later!
SUPPLY
Animal source:
-Most hormones produced in tiny quantities in animals
-Need lots of animals
Recombinant source:
-Create a living factory to make your drug
-Use a microorganism or plant to make as much as you want
What is the purpose of cyanogen bromide treatment?
Give this one a try later!
-Separates the two proteins in the fusion protein at methionine
-Separates B-galactosidase & A-chain/B-chain
