NSG 5140 Final Exam Review Adv Pathophysiology
South College NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 2026/2027 Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of reversible cell
injury?
A. Nuclear lysis with karyorrhexis
B. ATP depletion leading to ion pump failure
C. Complete disruption of plasma membrane integrity
D. Irreversible mitochondrial matrix condensation
Correct Answer: B. ATP depletion leading to ion pump failure
Rationale: ATP depletion is the central event in reversible cell injury, causing impaired
Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase function, cellular swelling, and early organelle derangements that remain
reversible if the stressor is removed .
Question 2
A 45-year-old patient with chronic alcohol abuse presents with hepatomegaly.
Liver biopsy shows fatty change in hepatocytes. This finding represents which type
of cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Intracellular accumulation
Correct Answer: D. Intracellular accumulation
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is an abnormal intracellular accumulation of
triglycerides, not a true adaptation like hypertrophy or hyperplasia. It results from
,imbalances in lipid metabolism due to alcohol abuse impairing mitochondrial fatty acid
oxidation .
Question 3
A patient presents with a brain infarct following a stroke. What type of necrosis is
expected in the brain tissue?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Gangrenous necrosis
Correct Answer: B. Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of brain infarcts due to the high lipid
content and presence of hydrolytic enzymes in neural tissue, resulting in tissue digestion
and cyst formation .
Question 4
Which of the following applies to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus but NOT to Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
C. Gradual onset over many years
D. Association with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Correct Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance
with relative insulin deficiency .
Question 5
,Which WBC is primarily responsible for acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Monocyte
D. Eosinophil
Correct Answer: B. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation, typically within 6-24 hours, and are the hallmark cell type of acute
inflammatory responses .
Question 6
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A. Generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
B. Maintain resting membrane potential and cell volume
C. Facilitate calcium influx for muscle contraction
D. Transport glucose into the cell via secondary active transport
Correct Answer: B. Maintain resting membrane potential and cell volume
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump maintains resting membrane potential by pumping
3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in, and is critical for regulating cell volume and preventing cellular
swelling .
Question 7
Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
A. Karyolysis
B. Pyknosis
C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
D. Membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
, Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) and fatty change are hallmark patterns of
reversible cell injury, while nuclear changes like karyolysis and pyknosis indicate
irreversible injury .
Question 8
A 10-year-old with sickle cell disease presents with left upper quadrant pain
suggestive of splenic infarct. What type of necrosis would be expected?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Splenic infarcts from sickle cell disease cause coagulative necrosis due to
ischemia, preserving tissue architecture while cells die .
Question 9
Which pattern of cell death is characterized by conversion of a single cell to an
acidophilic body with loss of the nucleus but preservation of cell shape?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Putrefaction
Correct Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage,
chromatin condensation, formation of acidophilic bodies, and preservation of cell
boundaries without inflammation .
Question 10
South College NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam 2026/2027 Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ |
Question 1
Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism of reversible cell
injury?
A. Nuclear lysis with karyorrhexis
B. ATP depletion leading to ion pump failure
C. Complete disruption of plasma membrane integrity
D. Irreversible mitochondrial matrix condensation
Correct Answer: B. ATP depletion leading to ion pump failure
Rationale: ATP depletion is the central event in reversible cell injury, causing impaired
Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase function, cellular swelling, and early organelle derangements that remain
reversible if the stressor is removed .
Question 2
A 45-year-old patient with chronic alcohol abuse presents with hepatomegaly.
Liver biopsy shows fatty change in hepatocytes. This finding represents which type
of cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Intracellular accumulation
Correct Answer: D. Intracellular accumulation
Rationale: Fatty change (steatosis) is an abnormal intracellular accumulation of
triglycerides, not a true adaptation like hypertrophy or hyperplasia. It results from
,imbalances in lipid metabolism due to alcohol abuse impairing mitochondrial fatty acid
oxidation .
Question 3
A patient presents with a brain infarct following a stroke. What type of necrosis is
expected in the brain tissue?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Gangrenous necrosis
Correct Answer: B. Liquefactive necrosis
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of brain infarcts due to the high lipid
content and presence of hydrolytic enzymes in neural tissue, resulting in tissue digestion
and cyst formation .
Question 4
Which of the following applies to Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus but NOT to Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
C. Gradual onset over many years
D. Association with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Correct Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency, while Type 2 involves insulin resistance
with relative insulin deficiency .
Question 5
,Which WBC is primarily responsible for acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Monocyte
D. Eosinophil
Correct Answer: B. Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive at the site of acute
inflammation, typically within 6-24 hours, and are the hallmark cell type of acute
inflammatory responses .
Question 6
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A. Generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
B. Maintain resting membrane potential and cell volume
C. Facilitate calcium influx for muscle contraction
D. Transport glucose into the cell via secondary active transport
Correct Answer: B. Maintain resting membrane potential and cell volume
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump maintains resting membrane potential by pumping
3 Na⁺ out and 2 K⁺ in, and is critical for regulating cell volume and preventing cellular
swelling .
Question 7
Which of the following is a reversible cell injury?
A. Karyolysis
B. Pyknosis
C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
D. Membrane rupture
Correct Answer: C. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
, Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) and fatty change are hallmark patterns of
reversible cell injury, while nuclear changes like karyolysis and pyknosis indicate
irreversible injury .
Question 8
A 10-year-old with sickle cell disease presents with left upper quadrant pain
suggestive of splenic infarct. What type of necrosis would be expected?
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Coagulative necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B. Coagulative necrosis
Rationale: Splenic infarcts from sickle cell disease cause coagulative necrosis due to
ischemia, preserving tissue architecture while cells die .
Question 9
Which pattern of cell death is characterized by conversion of a single cell to an
acidophilic body with loss of the nucleus but preservation of cell shape?
A. Necrosis
B. Apoptosis
C. Autolysis
D. Putrefaction
Correct Answer: B. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is programmed cell death characterized by cell shrinkage,
chromatin condensation, formation of acidophilic bodies, and preservation of cell
boundaries without inflammation .
Question 10
