Psych 3325 OSU Final Exam
Questions and Answers
Need to belong - ANSWER-A basic human motive
When not met: depression, anxiety, withdraw, attempt to fix
Exchange Relationships - ANSWER-People expect & desire equity
-expect immediate benefits for any given
-strangers, acquaintances, business partners
Communal Relationship - ANSWER-People expect and desire mutual responsiveness
to each others needs
-care w/o worry of repayment
-friends, family, romantic
Equity Theory - ANSWER-People are most satisfied when they feel a relationship is
balanced in benefits & contributions between partners
Social Exchange Theory Steps - ANSWER-1. Calculate cost & benefits
2. Compare to CL (Expectations of what you desire)
3. Compare to CL alternatives
4. Calculate investments
Rewards - costs - CL = satisfaction (If high cost and low rewards but low expectation,
OK, etc.)
Satisfaction - CL alternatives - investments = commitment (if other alternatives, not
satisfied, not invested, won't commit. / etc)
Attachment Theory - ANSWER-4 styles:
1 Secure
2 Anxious-preoccupied
3 dismissive- avoidant
4 fearful avoidant
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect - ANSWER-Cognitive
-The tendency to see outgroup members as all the same, while seeing ingroup
members as unique
, Two explanations for outgroup homogeneity effect - ANSWER-1) Have less
opportunities for learning, little personal contact with outgroups, the more familiar = the
less homogenious
2) We don't see representative outgroup members
-Tend to see only stereotypes in media
Subtyping - ANSWER-Cognitive
Making a special distinction for certain people and give benefit of the doubt
-Allows to like certain people but not change stereotype
Dissociation Model: Automatic & Controlled Processes - ANSWER-Cog
1) Automatic process: stereotype activation
-Assumes everyone knows the stereotypes
-Stereotypes are automatically activated anytime a cue is present, regardless of
prejudice level
2) Controlled process: stereotype application
-Once stereotype is activated, some use controlled processes to overcome influence of
prejudice.
-Control uses motivation and effort, so can't always be used (drunk, exhausted)
Dissociation Model Study - ANSWER-Participants primed with stereotypical words:
basketball, jazz, ghetto, and then randoms plants, number, rugs
-Then read story about Donald who was ambiguously hostile (race not mentioned)
-Those primed will think he is being violent, those without priming won't
Shows connection of stereotypes unconsciously
Stereotype Suppression Macrae 1994 - ANSWER-Cog
-Suppressing seems to make stereotypes pop in your mind more
"Ian the skinhead" picture: half were told to write whatever comes to mind, the other half
told to suppress stereotypes on "what is his typical day?" then later must meet Ian.
-Row of chairs, Ian's leather coat at the last one
-Measure how close you will sit to Ian
-Suppress sit farther away
Rebound Effect - ANSWER-Suppressing stereotypes
Metaphor of beach ball popping up under water
IAT Gun Experiment - Payne 2011 - ANSWER-Cog
Primed with white & black faces and then categorized objects as guns or not
-When primed with black faces, p's more quickly noticed guns and incorrectly assume
gun when not
Cornell 2002: Video Game - ANSWER--Created video game to test idea
-Showed p's pictures holding guns or other objects
-P's decide to shoot or not shoot
Questions and Answers
Need to belong - ANSWER-A basic human motive
When not met: depression, anxiety, withdraw, attempt to fix
Exchange Relationships - ANSWER-People expect & desire equity
-expect immediate benefits for any given
-strangers, acquaintances, business partners
Communal Relationship - ANSWER-People expect and desire mutual responsiveness
to each others needs
-care w/o worry of repayment
-friends, family, romantic
Equity Theory - ANSWER-People are most satisfied when they feel a relationship is
balanced in benefits & contributions between partners
Social Exchange Theory Steps - ANSWER-1. Calculate cost & benefits
2. Compare to CL (Expectations of what you desire)
3. Compare to CL alternatives
4. Calculate investments
Rewards - costs - CL = satisfaction (If high cost and low rewards but low expectation,
OK, etc.)
Satisfaction - CL alternatives - investments = commitment (if other alternatives, not
satisfied, not invested, won't commit. / etc)
Attachment Theory - ANSWER-4 styles:
1 Secure
2 Anxious-preoccupied
3 dismissive- avoidant
4 fearful avoidant
Outgroup Homogeneity Effect - ANSWER-Cognitive
-The tendency to see outgroup members as all the same, while seeing ingroup
members as unique
, Two explanations for outgroup homogeneity effect - ANSWER-1) Have less
opportunities for learning, little personal contact with outgroups, the more familiar = the
less homogenious
2) We don't see representative outgroup members
-Tend to see only stereotypes in media
Subtyping - ANSWER-Cognitive
Making a special distinction for certain people and give benefit of the doubt
-Allows to like certain people but not change stereotype
Dissociation Model: Automatic & Controlled Processes - ANSWER-Cog
1) Automatic process: stereotype activation
-Assumes everyone knows the stereotypes
-Stereotypes are automatically activated anytime a cue is present, regardless of
prejudice level
2) Controlled process: stereotype application
-Once stereotype is activated, some use controlled processes to overcome influence of
prejudice.
-Control uses motivation and effort, so can't always be used (drunk, exhausted)
Dissociation Model Study - ANSWER-Participants primed with stereotypical words:
basketball, jazz, ghetto, and then randoms plants, number, rugs
-Then read story about Donald who was ambiguously hostile (race not mentioned)
-Those primed will think he is being violent, those without priming won't
Shows connection of stereotypes unconsciously
Stereotype Suppression Macrae 1994 - ANSWER-Cog
-Suppressing seems to make stereotypes pop in your mind more
"Ian the skinhead" picture: half were told to write whatever comes to mind, the other half
told to suppress stereotypes on "what is his typical day?" then later must meet Ian.
-Row of chairs, Ian's leather coat at the last one
-Measure how close you will sit to Ian
-Suppress sit farther away
Rebound Effect - ANSWER-Suppressing stereotypes
Metaphor of beach ball popping up under water
IAT Gun Experiment - Payne 2011 - ANSWER-Cog
Primed with white & black faces and then categorized objects as guns or not
-When primed with black faces, p's more quickly noticed guns and incorrectly assume
gun when not
Cornell 2002: Video Game - ANSWER--Created video game to test idea
-Showed p's pictures holding guns or other objects
-P's decide to shoot or not shoot
