PSYCH 3325 Final Exam Study Guide
(All Notes) Latest Updated
"ABC"s of social psychology - ANS-1. Affect (emotions)
2. Behavior
3. Cognition (thoughts)
"That's Not All" technique - ANS-- Offer something desirable and make a request, then
sweeten the deal before the offer is rejected
- If you're offered a better deal, you should reciprocate by taking the new offer
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion - ANS-- Cold War - threat of communism
- John F. Kennedy and advisors met -- decided whether or not to invade Cuba
- Turned out to be a huge disaster
- "How could we have been so stupid?" - JFK
1986 Challenger explosion - ANS-- Space shuttle Challenger exploded just after launch
- Official cause = malfunctioning o-ring and flawed decision-making
-Launch had be postponed before
1990s Self-esteem movement - ANS-"Self-esteem is the most important facet of a
person"
- Decreased competition
- Awarded participation trophies
- Excessive praise
- "That's an amazingly wonderful picture you drew"
- "You're so incredibly smart"
Ability - ANS-Process more when there are free resources (i.e., only doing one thing at
once) and unlimited time
Accuracy Study (Kassin & Fong, 1999) - ANS-Actors commit "crime" or not, then
interrogated -- motivated to appear innocent
Participants watched interrogation videos
IV: half were trained in deception clues
,DV: could people pick guilty vs. innocent
Result: People who were not trained in deception clues had lower confidences levels
than those who were trained but were more accurate in differentiating between guilty vs.
innocent
Actor-observer effect - ANS-Making dispositional attributions for others, but situational
attributions for yourself
Causes:
More information about yourself
More attention to your own situation
Actual-ideal discrepancies lead to - ANS-dejection, sadness, depression
"I'm not who I want to be"
Actual-ought discrepancies lead to - ANS-agitation, guilt, anxiety
"I'm not who I should be"
Advantages of Schemas - ANS-Direct attention and memory
Provide clues for how to behave
Quick understanding of information
Predict behavior/events
Aggression - ANS-- Behavior that is intended to injure another person who does not
want to be injured
- Harm can be physical or mental
- Includes both action and inaction
Alcohol - ANS-- Can increase aggressive behavior
- Reduces anxiety
- Lowers inhibition
Alcohol myopia - ANS-- Alcohol narrows the focus of attention
- We respond only to the most salient aspects of the situation
Altruism - ANS-Helping out of the desire to benefit someone else, with no benefit to the
self
Ambiguous Aggression Study (Sagar & Schofield, 1980) - ANS-Showed Black and
White sixth-graders pictures and descriptions of ambiguously aggressive behaviors
,Results:
Picture 1: No difference in aggression ratings for two "white" characters
Picture 2: "Black" character deemed more aggressive than the white character
Antecedents of groupthink - ANS-- The group is highly cohesive
- Group isolation
- A directive leader
- High stress
- Poor decision-making procedures
Attachment style: Anxious - ANS-Typically wants more affection from partner than
partner is willing to give
In relationships:
Worried about being abandoned
Quickest to enter relationships
Most short-lived
Attachment style: Avoidant - ANS-Fear of being psychologically intimate
Least likely to be in a relationship
In relationships:
Maintain distance
Lowest commitment
Attachment style: Secure - ANS-Not threatened by others trying to get close
In relationships:
Most enduring and long-term
Highest satisfaction and commitment
Attachment styles - ANS-(1) Develops from internal working models of relationships
- From interactions with parents
- From observing parents' relationship
(2) Basically a relationship schema
(3) Attachment styles can change:
- After success, insecure can become secure
- After disaster, secure can become insecure
Attachment theory - ANS-Our early attachment with our caregivers (usually parents) can
shape our relationships for the rest of our lives
, Attitude formation: Conditioning - ANS-- Associating some attitude object with
something that is already liked or disliked
- Used in advertising ("Sex sells" in advertising, celebrity endorsements)
Attitude formation: Learning approach - ANS-Attitudes form when people encounter
information that can be positively or negatively evaluated
- I learn that an obscure politician committed fraud
- I read that quinoa is good for me
Attitude formation: Mere exposure - ANS-- Repeated exposure leads to positive
attitudes (liking)
- Works better with subconscious exposure
- Ex: advertising, catchy songs on the radio
Attitude formation: Mere exposure (Conscious exposure) - ANS-- Increased liking with
exposure initially
- Eventually repetition causes annoyance and decreased liking
Attitude properties: Extremity - ANS-How positive or negative is the attitude?
Attitude properties: Strength - ANS-How strong or weak is the attitude?
Strong attitudes: are resistant to change, are persistent over time, predict behavior
Attitude properties: Valence - ANS-Is the attitude positive or negative?
Attitude-behavior consistency - ANS-Attitudes do not always predict behavior
Attitudes - ANS-A positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of some specific object
Ex: "I really hate coconut."
Attraction - ANS-Generally positive feelings about another that inspires interest, liking,
and attention toward them
Attribution - ANS-Inferences we make about the causes of behavior
Attributional Ambiguity - ANS-When the cause of others' treatment is unclear
Protects the self from negative feedback -- Attributed to prejudiced
Creates doubt about positive feedback -- Unsure if genuine)
(All Notes) Latest Updated
"ABC"s of social psychology - ANS-1. Affect (emotions)
2. Behavior
3. Cognition (thoughts)
"That's Not All" technique - ANS-- Offer something desirable and make a request, then
sweeten the deal before the offer is rejected
- If you're offered a better deal, you should reciprocate by taking the new offer
1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion - ANS-- Cold War - threat of communism
- John F. Kennedy and advisors met -- decided whether or not to invade Cuba
- Turned out to be a huge disaster
- "How could we have been so stupid?" - JFK
1986 Challenger explosion - ANS-- Space shuttle Challenger exploded just after launch
- Official cause = malfunctioning o-ring and flawed decision-making
-Launch had be postponed before
1990s Self-esteem movement - ANS-"Self-esteem is the most important facet of a
person"
- Decreased competition
- Awarded participation trophies
- Excessive praise
- "That's an amazingly wonderful picture you drew"
- "You're so incredibly smart"
Ability - ANS-Process more when there are free resources (i.e., only doing one thing at
once) and unlimited time
Accuracy Study (Kassin & Fong, 1999) - ANS-Actors commit "crime" or not, then
interrogated -- motivated to appear innocent
Participants watched interrogation videos
IV: half were trained in deception clues
,DV: could people pick guilty vs. innocent
Result: People who were not trained in deception clues had lower confidences levels
than those who were trained but were more accurate in differentiating between guilty vs.
innocent
Actor-observer effect - ANS-Making dispositional attributions for others, but situational
attributions for yourself
Causes:
More information about yourself
More attention to your own situation
Actual-ideal discrepancies lead to - ANS-dejection, sadness, depression
"I'm not who I want to be"
Actual-ought discrepancies lead to - ANS-agitation, guilt, anxiety
"I'm not who I should be"
Advantages of Schemas - ANS-Direct attention and memory
Provide clues for how to behave
Quick understanding of information
Predict behavior/events
Aggression - ANS-- Behavior that is intended to injure another person who does not
want to be injured
- Harm can be physical or mental
- Includes both action and inaction
Alcohol - ANS-- Can increase aggressive behavior
- Reduces anxiety
- Lowers inhibition
Alcohol myopia - ANS-- Alcohol narrows the focus of attention
- We respond only to the most salient aspects of the situation
Altruism - ANS-Helping out of the desire to benefit someone else, with no benefit to the
self
Ambiguous Aggression Study (Sagar & Schofield, 1980) - ANS-Showed Black and
White sixth-graders pictures and descriptions of ambiguously aggressive behaviors
,Results:
Picture 1: No difference in aggression ratings for two "white" characters
Picture 2: "Black" character deemed more aggressive than the white character
Antecedents of groupthink - ANS-- The group is highly cohesive
- Group isolation
- A directive leader
- High stress
- Poor decision-making procedures
Attachment style: Anxious - ANS-Typically wants more affection from partner than
partner is willing to give
In relationships:
Worried about being abandoned
Quickest to enter relationships
Most short-lived
Attachment style: Avoidant - ANS-Fear of being psychologically intimate
Least likely to be in a relationship
In relationships:
Maintain distance
Lowest commitment
Attachment style: Secure - ANS-Not threatened by others trying to get close
In relationships:
Most enduring and long-term
Highest satisfaction and commitment
Attachment styles - ANS-(1) Develops from internal working models of relationships
- From interactions with parents
- From observing parents' relationship
(2) Basically a relationship schema
(3) Attachment styles can change:
- After success, insecure can become secure
- After disaster, secure can become insecure
Attachment theory - ANS-Our early attachment with our caregivers (usually parents) can
shape our relationships for the rest of our lives
, Attitude formation: Conditioning - ANS-- Associating some attitude object with
something that is already liked or disliked
- Used in advertising ("Sex sells" in advertising, celebrity endorsements)
Attitude formation: Learning approach - ANS-Attitudes form when people encounter
information that can be positively or negatively evaluated
- I learn that an obscure politician committed fraud
- I read that quinoa is good for me
Attitude formation: Mere exposure - ANS-- Repeated exposure leads to positive
attitudes (liking)
- Works better with subconscious exposure
- Ex: advertising, catchy songs on the radio
Attitude formation: Mere exposure (Conscious exposure) - ANS-- Increased liking with
exposure initially
- Eventually repetition causes annoyance and decreased liking
Attitude properties: Extremity - ANS-How positive or negative is the attitude?
Attitude properties: Strength - ANS-How strong or weak is the attitude?
Strong attitudes: are resistant to change, are persistent over time, predict behavior
Attitude properties: Valence - ANS-Is the attitude positive or negative?
Attitude-behavior consistency - ANS-Attitudes do not always predict behavior
Attitudes - ANS-A positive, negative, or mixed evaluation of some specific object
Ex: "I really hate coconut."
Attraction - ANS-Generally positive feelings about another that inspires interest, liking,
and attention toward them
Attribution - ANS-Inferences we make about the causes of behavior
Attributional Ambiguity - ANS-When the cause of others' treatment is unclear
Protects the self from negative feedback -- Attributed to prejudiced
Creates doubt about positive feedback -- Unsure if genuine)
