PT 521 EXAM 2 - GI, HEPATIC, RENAL, & ENDOCRINE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026

PT 521 EXAM 2 - GI, HEPATIC, RENAL, & ENDOCRINE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE 2026 peptic ulcer disease - Answers ulcers of the stomach or duodenum Barrett's esophagus - Answers a condition that occurs when the cells in the epithelial tissue of the esophagus are damaged by chronic acid exposure, happens because of GERD main function of GI system - Answers bring nutrients to each body cell ingestion - Answers food in digestion - Answers nutrient breakdown motility of GI wall - Answers movement of nutrients enteric nervous system is part of? - Answers autonomic nervous system what is special about enteric nervous system? - Answers -functions independently of CNS -gut-brain connection (brain in the bowel) what special kind of cell can be found in the GI tract? - Answers immune cells psychoneuroses - Answers more stress = irritable bowel how many of the body's immune cells are in the GI tract? - Answers 70-80% where can GI issues refer pain to? - Answers sternum shoulder neck scapula back hip pelvis what GI issue can refer pain and present as MSK problem? - Answers ulcers/infections of mucosal lining of GI tract antibiotics can cause what GI issue? - Answers diarrhea pain meds can cause what GI issue? - Answers constipation NSAIDs can cause what GI issue? - Answers ulcers what is a constitutional sysmptom? - Answers symptoms that affect whole body, not really specific to anything (ex. fatigue, malaise, fever) questions to ask pt when doing review of systems and suspect GI? - Answers have you had: difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) heartburn/indigestion change in appetite change in bowel function change in weight what are constitutional symptoms indicative of? - Answers a systemic condition s&s of GI issues - Answers abdominal pain nausea vomiting diarrhea fecal incontinence constipation GI bleeding dysphagia anorexia cachexia achalasia what is anorexia - Answers loss of appetite what is cachexia - Answers weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness (cancer) what is achalasia - Answers feeling of fullness in esophagus because sphincter won't relax what GI symptom can also occur with many other diagnoses? - Answers vomitting (intense pain, pregnancy, infections, etc) aspiration pneumonia - Answers when vomit gets into lungs and causes pneumonia diarrhea classified as? - Answers abnormal (FOR PATIENT) or volume of stools more than 3x per day clostridium difficile (C diff) - Answers bacterial infection of lower intestine what causes c diff infection - Answers fecal to oral transmission (usually when someone does not wash hands) What is a nosocomial infection? - Answers hospital acquired infection what is a new treatment for c diff? - Answers fecal transplant difference between nosocomial infection & healthcare-associate infection? - Answers nosocomial = from hospital stay healthcare-associated = anywhere in HC fecal impaction - Answers collection in the rectum of hardened feces that cannot be passed most at risk populations for fecal impaction & why? - Answers nursing home patients because high chance of dehydration & don't move much paralytic ileus - Answers condition after abdominal surgery where intestine ceases contracting (no peristalsis) and feces does not move What does poor skin turgor indicate? - Answers dehydration malnutrition - Answers 15-20% below ideal body weight hematemesis - Answers upper GI bleeding (vomiting blood) hematochezia - Answers lower GI bleeding (blood in stool) melena - Answers black, tarry stool coffee-ground emesis - Answers upper GI bleeding that has slowed or stopped orthostatic hypotension - Answers BP drops when you stand up GERD - Answers gastroesophageal reflux disease (acid reflux) S&S of GERD - Answers chest pain, hoarseness, dry cough, bad breath, dysphagia what can GERD chest pain be mistaken for? - Answers MI what meds treat GERD? - Answers proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole) GERD PT implications - Answers -supine may make worse -avoid large meals prior to PT -AVOID VALSALVA what side should GERD patients sleep on? - Answers left, raise head of bed valsalva - Answers forceful attempt at expiration when airway is closed hiatal hernia - Answers lower esophageal sphincter weak & upper stomach bulges through diaphragm into chest cavity esophageal varices due to? - Answers LIVER DISEASE (circulation cannot go through liver bc so scarred, so goes around & up esophagus) causes of gastritis - Answers H pylori bacteria alcohol NSAIDs gastroenteritis - Answers inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria, virus, parasite (stomach flu) barium swallow - Answers x ray while swallowing PT implications for GI issues - Answers -body fluid loss (dehydration, low BP) -electrolyte imbalance (POTASSIUM FOR HEART) PT tx for dysphagia - Answers shaker head lifting exercise kehr sign - Answers pain in left shoulder caused by free air or blood in abdominal cavity (SPLEEN RUPTURE) esophagus irritation (GERD, hiatal hernia) can present as? - Answers MSK pain in back or MI (need to rule out MI) refeeding syndrome - Answers when malnourished person begins feeding again and electrolytes/fluids are imbalanced small intestine disorders - Answers malabsorption syndromes: CELIAC DISEASE intestinal parasites pancreatitis SIBO steatorrhea - Answers fat in stool parasthesias - Answers an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking ("pins and needles") symptoms of malabsorption syndrome - Answers STEATORRHEA PARASTHESIAS anemia diarrhea edema weight loss bone pain SIBO - Answers bacterial overgrowth from other parts of GI system or from overporduction of bacteria in SI definitive diagnosis for SIBO? - Answers breath test 2 IBD diseases - Answers chron's ulcerative cholitis where is chron's? - Answers anywhere in GI tract where is ulcerative colitis? - Answers colon/large intestine & rectum fistula - Answers tunnels of infection that extend into surrounding tissue most common complication of ulcerative colitis - Answers thickening of GI wall leading to narrow GI wall S&S ulcerative cholitis - Answers ARTHRITIS (more LE than UE) GI bleeding cramps pain diarrhea is there a cure for chrons? - Answers no, can go into periods of remission & may have flare ups high risk populations for chrons? - Answers jewish people 20-30 y/o family hx ulcerative colitis - Answers body reacts abnormally to bacteria in GI tract treatment for IBDs? - Answers lots of types of drugs (anti-inflammatory, immune supressors, antibiotics, symptom management) colostomy - Answers end of large intestine goes through abdominal wall & stool is removed through a bag attached to stomach colectomy - Answers removal of entire colon ileostomy - Answers small intestine brought through abdominal wall & into a bag IBD can refer pain to where? - Answers back, thigh, hip, knee PT implications for IBD - Answers referred pain arthritis side effects from meds (esp. steroids) dehydration malnutrition LOW BONE DENSITY ischemia - Answers lack of blood flow to an area the liver... - Answers YOU CANT LIVE WITHOUT IT hepatitis - Answers inflammation of liver 4 stages of hepatitis - Answers 1. viral replication (asymptomatic) 2. prodromal (anorexia, fatigue, vomitting) 3. icteric (usually when caught bc DARK URINE, PALE STOOL, JAUNDICE) 4. convalescent (symptoms resolve) warning signs of hepatitis - Answers dark urine pale stool jaundice where does liver refer pain to? - Answers right shoulder risk population for hepatitis C? - Answers baby boomers bc of IV use in 70s how many lobes in liver - Answers 2 lobes, 4 parts total largest gland in body? - Answers liver hepatic artery - Answers O2 blood from heart to liver portal vein - Answers large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines hepatic vein - Answers the vein that collects blood from the liver and returns it to the heart liver functions - Answers detox immune factors produces plasma proteins produces digestive enzymes blood sugar regulation what stage of drug pharmacokinetics is the liver involved with? - Answers metabolism what type of drugs use the first pass effect to convert a drug from inactive to active? - Answers prodrugs if liver disease present, does metabolism of drug increase or decrease? - Answers decrease will drug effect be shorter or prolonged if pt has liver disease? - Answers prolonged will drug dose need to be increased or decreased if pt has liver disease? - Answers decreased what OTC drug is leading cause of sudden liver failure? - Answers tylenol spider angioma - Answers sign of liver disease, red spot with red lines going out asterixis - Answers LIVER FLAP = extend hand @ risk & flaps back ascites - Answers abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen peripheral edema - Answers swelling in extremities warning signs for liver pathophysiology - Answers jaundice pale stool liver fibrosis spider angioma confusion muscle wasting main causes of cirrhosis of liver - Answers hepatitis & alcohol abuse cirrhosis - Answers scarring of liver, destruction of liver tissue replaced by scar tissue stages of liver damage - Answers 1. fatty liver 2. liver fibrosis 3. cirrhosis autoimmune disease - Answers body attacks itself PT implication for liver pathology (cirrhosis) - Answers FREQUENT REST, cannot push bc vessels cannot take it do you want bilirubin to be high? - Answers NO, liver should clean out liver test? - Answers ALP ALT AST low albumin can mean? - Answers malnutrition or liver disease endometriosis - Answers endometrial tissue located outside the uterus renal cell carcinoma - Answers cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood wilms tumor - Answers malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood kidney function - Answers keep blood clean and chemically balanced Upper urinary tract - Answers kidneys & ureters lower urinary tract - Answers bladder & urethra 3 hormones released by kidneys - Answers erythropoietin (EPO) renin calcitrol glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - Answers measures kidney function thorugh creatinine in blood creatinine - Answers waste product, should be filtered out by kidneys BP range recommendation for kidney disease patients? - Answers BELOW 130/80 microalbuminuria - Answers albumin in the urine proteinuria - Answers protein in the urine blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - Answers measurement of urea levels in blood (measures kidney function) how much kidney function is needed ? - Answers 25% when is dialysis/transplant needed? - Answers 10-15% of function common rx for kidney disease? - Answers BP management drugs: ACE inhibitors ARB ^slow progression of kidney damage high risk populations for kidney disease - Answers HTN black diabetics intravenous pyelogram (IVP) - Answers dye injected into veins to see kidney function is kidney disease usually unilateral or bilateral? - Answers BILATERAL where does renal pain refer to? - Answers low back, same side shoulder UTI - Answers infection anywhere along urinary tract bacteria that causes UTI? - Answers e coli what type of UTI is more seriosu? - Answers upper (bc closer to kidneys) pyelonephritis - Answers inflammation of renal pelvis pyuria - Answers pus in urine nocturia - Answers night urination pyelonephritis causes - Answers bacteria backflow of urine prolonged catheter neurogenic bladder cystitis - Answers inflammation WITH infection of bladder interstitial cystitis - Answers inflammation WITHOUT infection of bladder treatment for cystitis (lower UTI) - Answers antibiotics symptoms of UTI for elderly - Answers confusion from increased waste, not from age polycystic kidney disease - Answers kidneys are MASSIVE because of so many cysts nephrolithiasis - Answers kidney stones sign of kidney stone - Answers pain that is unrelieved by rest or change of position ESWL - Answers extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (breaks up kidney stones) PT implications for kidney stones - Answers pain may present as MSK, need to differentiate based on source or pain & relief methods which type of renal failure is reversible? - Answers acute S&S of acute renal failure - Answers -quick onset -pitting edema in distal LE -SOB -confusion -nausea acute renal failure risk factors - Answers long hospital stays age DM HTN CHF plueral effusion - Answers fluid around lungs, leads to shortness of breath (kidney disease causes bc fluid retention) acute renal failure treatments - Answers -solve underlying cause to prevent further damage -symptoms tx (balance fluids/electrolytes, meds) -temporary dialysis chronic renal failure - Answers progressive, irreversible kidney damage progression of renal failure - Answers 1. diminished renal reserve (no sx) 2. renal insufficiency (azotemia, anemia, HTN) 3. renal failure (20-30% funtion, edema) 4. end stage renal disease (15% function, dialysis/transplant) azotemia - Answers accumulation of nitrogenous wastes largest causes of renal failure - Answers DM (1 or 2) HTN other kidney disease liver disease risk factors for kidney disease - Answers DM HTN CVD smoking obesity black, native, or asian family hx