NR507 Week 4 Midterm Exams 2026
Complete Actual Exam Question with
Correct Answers NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology NR 507 Midterms and
Finals Examplify Proctored |Grade A+
2026/2027
Question 1: What is the attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed by a
guanine base, causing a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent?
A. Histone modification
B. DNA methylation
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
D. Gene mutation
Answer: B. DNA methylation
Rationale: DNA methylation is an epigenetic process where methyl groups attach to
cytosine bases, resulting in gene silencing. This plays a major role in cancer initiation
and progression.
Question 2: Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved
in packaging DNA is referred to as:
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone modification
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
D. Gene transcription
Answer: B. Histone modification
,Rationale: Histone modification involves adding chemical changes to histone proteins
that help package DNA, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
itself.
Question 3: RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences and can regulate gene
expression networks are called:
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone modification
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
D. Messenger RNA
Answer: C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
Rationale: miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression networks
by binding to messenger RNA and inhibiting translation or promoting degradation.
Question 4: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, paternally inherited, with features including short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and
hypogonadism?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
Rationale: Prader-Willi Syndrome results from a paternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include hypotonia, feeding difficulties in infancy,
obesity, short stature, small hands and feet, and intellectual disability.
,Question 5: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, maternally inherited, with features including severe mental
retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gait?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Fragile X Syndrome
Answer: B. Angelman Syndrome
Rationale: Angelman Syndrome results from a maternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include severe intellectual disability, seizures, ataxic
gait, and a happy demeanor with frequent laughter.
Question 6: What is the role of caretaker genes?
A. Promote cell division
B. Suppress tumor growth
C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
D. Activate apoptosis
Answer: C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
Rationale: Caretaker genes are responsible for maintaining genomic integrity through
DNA repair. When mutated, they increase the risk of mutations in other genes.
Question 7: In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Caretaker gene
C. Proto-oncogene
D. Apoptosis gene
Answer: C. Proto-oncogene
, Rationale: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division.
When mutated or overexpressed, they become oncogenes that promote cancer
development.
Question 8: Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The cells are undifferentiated.
B. The cells are well-differentiated.
C. The cells are highly disorganized.
D. The cells are malignant.
Answer: B. The cells are well-differentiated.
Rationale: Benign tumors consist of well-differentiated cells that resemble the tissue of
origin. They grow slowly, are localized, and do not metastasize.
Question 9: Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: D. Anaplasia
Rationale: Anaplasia is a hallmark of malignant cells, characterized by loss of
differentiation, disorganized appearance, and reduced ability to perform normal cellular
functions.
Question 10: Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
A. Cells have metastasized to distant sites.
B. Cells are completely undifferentiated.
C. Cells remain localized in glandular or squamous cells.
D. Cells have invaded surrounding tissues.
Complete Actual Exam Question with
Correct Answers NR 507 Advanced
Pathophysiology NR 507 Midterms and
Finals Examplify Proctored |Grade A+
2026/2027
Question 1: What is the attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base followed by a
guanine base, causing a gene to become transcriptionally inactive or silent?
A. Histone modification
B. DNA methylation
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
D. Gene mutation
Answer: B. DNA methylation
Rationale: DNA methylation is an epigenetic process where methyl groups attach to
cytosine bases, resulting in gene silencing. This plays a major role in cancer initiation
and progression.
Question 2: Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved
in packaging DNA is referred to as:
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone modification
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
D. Gene transcription
Answer: B. Histone modification
,Rationale: Histone modification involves adding chemical changes to histone proteins
that help package DNA, affecting gene expression without altering the DNA sequence
itself.
Question 3: RNAs that are coded by short DNA sequences and can regulate gene
expression networks are called:
A. DNA methylation
B. Histone modification
C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
D. Messenger RNA
Answer: C. Micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs or miRs)
Rationale: miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression networks
by binding to messenger RNA and inhibiting translation or promoting degradation.
Question 4: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, paternally inherited, with features including short stature,
hypotonia, small hands and feet, obesity, mild to moderate mental retardation, and
hypogonadism?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Turner Syndrome
Answer: A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
Rationale: Prader-Willi Syndrome results from a paternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include hypotonia, feeding difficulties in infancy,
obesity, short stature, small hands and feet, and intellectual disability.
,Question 5: Which syndrome is characterized by deletion of 4 million base pairs of the
long arm of chromosome 15, maternally inherited, with features including severe mental
retardation, seizures, and an ataxic gait?
A. Prader-Willi Syndrome
B. Angelman Syndrome
C. Down Syndrome
D. Fragile X Syndrome
Answer: B. Angelman Syndrome
Rationale: Angelman Syndrome results from a maternally inherited deletion on
chromosome 15q11-13. Features include severe intellectual disability, seizures, ataxic
gait, and a happy demeanor with frequent laughter.
Question 6: What is the role of caretaker genes?
A. Promote cell division
B. Suppress tumor growth
C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
D. Activate apoptosis
Answer: C. Maintenance of genomic integrity
Rationale: Caretaker genes are responsible for maintaining genomic integrity through
DNA repair. When mutated, they increase the risk of mutations in other genes.
Question 7: In a normal, nonmutant state, an oncogene is referred to as a:
A. Tumor suppressor gene
B. Caretaker gene
C. Proto-oncogene
D. Apoptosis gene
Answer: C. Proto-oncogene
, Rationale: Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that regulate cell growth and division.
When mutated or overexpressed, they become oncogenes that promote cancer
development.
Question 8: Which statement concerning benign tumors is true?
A. The cells are undifferentiated.
B. The cells are well-differentiated.
C. The cells are highly disorganized.
D. The cells are malignant.
Answer: B. The cells are well-differentiated.
Rationale: Benign tumors consist of well-differentiated cells that resemble the tissue of
origin. They grow slowly, are localized, and do not metastasize.
Question 9: Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to
form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Anaplasia
Answer: D. Anaplasia
Rationale: Anaplasia is a hallmark of malignant cells, characterized by loss of
differentiation, disorganized appearance, and reduced ability to perform normal cellular
functions.
Question 10: Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
A. Cells have metastasized to distant sites.
B. Cells are completely undifferentiated.
C. Cells remain localized in glandular or squamous cells.
D. Cells have invaded surrounding tissues.
