2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING Module 5 Exam Chem-219
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
Cognitive psychology focuses - ANSWERCognitive psychology focuses on
thoughts, or cognitions
Three major topics will be presented in cognitive psych: - ANSWERthinking,
intelligence, and memory.
Components of thought - ANSWERconcepts, schemas, scripts
Concepts - ANSWER• Concepts are mental representations, such as your
concept of a good party, happiness, or nice weather. Where do our concepts
come from? Either through personal experience (these would be natural
concepts) or because someone taught you the specific ideas or terms (these
are artificial concepts).
Schemas - ANSWERSchemas are clusters of related ideas that provide you
with a framework for thinking. Your brain literally categorizes various related
concepts. Think of all that goes into your understanding of the word
"classroom." Your schema for classroom would incorporate all of the
following concepts: learning, teacher, student, tables, desk, chair, etc.
Scripts (also called an event schema) - ANSWERScripts (also called an event
schema) tell you the behaviors expected in a particular situation, much like
the script that accompanies any play. How do you behave in a fancy
,2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING Module 5 Exam Chem-219
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
restaurant? What do you do at a funeral? A script provides you with this
information, and you learn this through life experience.
good thinkers possess this important quality: - ANSWERproblem-solving
ability.
Examples of heuristics - ANSWERAnalogies
Break big problems into smaller ones
Solving things backwards
n: Heuristics - ANSWERare rules of thumb and are problem-solving shortcuts.
functional fixedness - ANSWERis the inability to think of a new use for an
ordinary object.
Mental sets - ANSWERare like prepackaged how-to manuals in our brains,
and they are based on what worked for us in the past.
availability bias - ANSWERBias caused by the most available example that
comes to mind
Confirmation Bias - ANSWERBias caused by a tendency to look for and only
pay attention to evidence that confirms what has already been believed
Hindsight Bias - ANSWERBias that has to do with people overestimating their
likelihood to have predicted an event
, 2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING Module 5 Exam Chem-219
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
Psychologists originally thought that intelligence was a single factor, -
ANSWERPsychologists originally thought that intelligence was asingle factor, a
general intellectual ability that you either had or didn't have.
Charles Spearman, for example, promoted the g factor view of intelligence, -
ANSWERCharles Spearman, for example, promoted the g factor view of
intelligence, stating that there is one common factor of general intelligence
that individuals innately had.
Raymond Cattell (1963) declared that there were two components to
intelligence: - ANSWERcrystallized and fluid.
Crystallized intelligence refers to one's knowledge, while
fluid intelligence refers to the ability to see complex relationships and solve
problems (essentially, it is the ability to apply knowledge).
Robert Sternberg (1994) promoted three components (his triarchic theory) to
intelligence: - ANSWERpractical, analytic, and creative.
Practical intelligence refers to "street smarts,"
analytic intelligence is the ability to analyze and solve problems, and
creative intelligence is the ability to have insights and see new relationships
among ideas.
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
Cognitive psychology focuses - ANSWERCognitive psychology focuses on
thoughts, or cognitions
Three major topics will be presented in cognitive psych: - ANSWERthinking,
intelligence, and memory.
Components of thought - ANSWERconcepts, schemas, scripts
Concepts - ANSWER• Concepts are mental representations, such as your
concept of a good party, happiness, or nice weather. Where do our concepts
come from? Either through personal experience (these would be natural
concepts) or because someone taught you the specific ideas or terms (these
are artificial concepts).
Schemas - ANSWERSchemas are clusters of related ideas that provide you
with a framework for thinking. Your brain literally categorizes various related
concepts. Think of all that goes into your understanding of the word
"classroom." Your schema for classroom would incorporate all of the
following concepts: learning, teacher, student, tables, desk, chair, etc.
Scripts (also called an event schema) - ANSWERScripts (also called an event
schema) tell you the behaviors expected in a particular situation, much like
the script that accompanies any play. How do you behave in a fancy
,2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING Module 5 Exam Chem-219
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
restaurant? What do you do at a funeral? A script provides you with this
information, and you learn this through life experience.
good thinkers possess this important quality: - ANSWERproblem-solving
ability.
Examples of heuristics - ANSWERAnalogies
Break big problems into smaller ones
Solving things backwards
n: Heuristics - ANSWERare rules of thumb and are problem-solving shortcuts.
functional fixedness - ANSWERis the inability to think of a new use for an
ordinary object.
Mental sets - ANSWERare like prepackaged how-to manuals in our brains,
and they are based on what worked for us in the past.
availability bias - ANSWERBias caused by the most available example that
comes to mind
Confirmation Bias - ANSWERBias caused by a tendency to look for and only
pay attention to evidence that confirms what has already been believed
Hindsight Bias - ANSWERBias that has to do with people overestimating their
likelihood to have predicted an event
, 2026/2027 PORTAGE LEARNING Module 5 Exam Chem-219
principles of organic chemistry by David gallaher, Exams of
Chemistry
Psychologists originally thought that intelligence was a single factor, -
ANSWERPsychologists originally thought that intelligence was asingle factor, a
general intellectual ability that you either had or didn't have.
Charles Spearman, for example, promoted the g factor view of intelligence, -
ANSWERCharles Spearman, for example, promoted the g factor view of
intelligence, stating that there is one common factor of general intelligence
that individuals innately had.
Raymond Cattell (1963) declared that there were two components to
intelligence: - ANSWERcrystallized and fluid.
Crystallized intelligence refers to one's knowledge, while
fluid intelligence refers to the ability to see complex relationships and solve
problems (essentially, it is the ability to apply knowledge).
Robert Sternberg (1994) promoted three components (his triarchic theory) to
intelligence: - ANSWERpractical, analytic, and creative.
Practical intelligence refers to "street smarts,"
analytic intelligence is the ability to analyze and solve problems, and
creative intelligence is the ability to have insights and see new relationships
among ideas.
