BIOD 171 Comprehensive Final Exam | Latest Update
2026/2027 | 200 Questions and Verified Answers | Portage
Learning Modules 18 Complete Guide | A+ Graded
MODULE 1: Foundations of Microbiology & Cell Biology
1. Microbiology is the study of what?
A. Only bacteria and their biological processes
B. Microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes
C. Only viruses and their replication mechanisms
D. All living organisms regardless of size
Answer: B. Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological
processes.
2. True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B. False. Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can,
however, be classified as microbes—a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
3. True or False: A virus is classified as a microbe.
A. True
B. False
,Answer: A. True. While viruses are not living organisms and do not meet the criteria of microorganisms,
they are included within the broad category of microbes.
4. What is the smallest biological unit of life?
A. Molecule
B. Organelle
C. Cell
D. Tissue
Answer: C. Cell. The cell is the smallest biological unit of life.
5. At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what?
A. Organelles
B. Macromolecules
C. Organisms
D. Tissues
Answer: B. Macromolecules. Cells are constructed primarily from macromolecules—proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
6. What are the four main types of macromolecules found in cells?
A. Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
,B. Proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals
C. Lipids, carbohydrates, enzymes, and hormones
D. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, water, and salts
Answer: A. The four main types of macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
7. Proteins are formed from various combinations of what?
A. Nucleotides
B. Monosaccharides
C. Amino acids
D. Fatty acids
Answer: C. Amino acids.
8. How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 22
Answer: C. 20.
9. How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids for adults?
, A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 12
Answer: C. 9. Humans lack biosynthetic pathways for essential amino acids; thus, their availability in
food is critical for growth, repair, and enzymatic processes.
10. What are the two major types of nucleic acids?
A. DNA and RNA
B. mRNA and tRNA
C. rRNA and snRNA
D. ATP and GTP
Answer: A. DNA and RNA.
11. Where can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell?
A. DNA and RNA are both found only in the cytoplasm
B. DNA and RNA are both found in the nucleus
C. DNA is found in the nucleus; RNA is found only in the cytoplasm
D. DNA and RNA can both be found in the nucleus (in eukaryotes), but only RNA exits to the cytoplasm
Answer: D. DNA and RNA can both be found in the nucleus (in eukaryotes), but only RNA exits the
nucleus to the cytoplasm.
2026/2027 | 200 Questions and Verified Answers | Portage
Learning Modules 18 Complete Guide | A+ Graded
MODULE 1: Foundations of Microbiology & Cell Biology
1. Microbiology is the study of what?
A. Only bacteria and their biological processes
B. Microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological processes
C. Only viruses and their replication mechanisms
D. All living organisms regardless of size
Answer: B. Microbiology is the study of microbes (microorganisms and viruses) and their biological
processes.
2. True or False: A virus is considered a microorganism.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B. False. Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can,
however, be classified as microbes—a more general term that includes microorganisms and viruses.
3. True or False: A virus is classified as a microbe.
A. True
B. False
,Answer: A. True. While viruses are not living organisms and do not meet the criteria of microorganisms,
they are included within the broad category of microbes.
4. What is the smallest biological unit of life?
A. Molecule
B. Organelle
C. Cell
D. Tissue
Answer: C. Cell. The cell is the smallest biological unit of life.
5. At a generalized level, all cells are comprised of what?
A. Organelles
B. Macromolecules
C. Organisms
D. Tissues
Answer: B. Macromolecules. Cells are constructed primarily from macromolecules—proteins, lipids,
nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
6. What are the four main types of macromolecules found in cells?
A. Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
,B. Proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals
C. Lipids, carbohydrates, enzymes, and hormones
D. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, water, and salts
Answer: A. The four main types of macromolecules are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates.
7. Proteins are formed from various combinations of what?
A. Nucleotides
B. Monosaccharides
C. Amino acids
D. Fatty acids
Answer: C. Amino acids.
8. How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins?
A. 10
B. 15
C. 20
D. 22
Answer: C. 20.
9. How many amino acids are classified as being essential amino acids for adults?
, A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 12
Answer: C. 9. Humans lack biosynthetic pathways for essential amino acids; thus, their availability in
food is critical for growth, repair, and enzymatic processes.
10. What are the two major types of nucleic acids?
A. DNA and RNA
B. mRNA and tRNA
C. rRNA and snRNA
D. ATP and GTP
Answer: A. DNA and RNA.
11. Where can the two major types of nucleic acids be found in the cell?
A. DNA and RNA are both found only in the cytoplasm
B. DNA and RNA are both found in the nucleus
C. DNA is found in the nucleus; RNA is found only in the cytoplasm
D. DNA and RNA can both be found in the nucleus (in eukaryotes), but only RNA exits to the cytoplasm
Answer: D. DNA and RNA can both be found in the nucleus (in eukaryotes), but only RNA exits the
nucleus to the cytoplasm.
