NSG 5140 Midterm Exam: Advanced Pathophysiology- Questions
with Accurate Solutions (Expert Verified) | 2026 Latest Update-
South College
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an
electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. -ANSWER✅✅-Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation
and ATP generation. -ANSWER✅✅-Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both
bicarbonate and pH. -ANSWER✅✅-Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity. -
ANSWER✅✅-B Lymphocytes
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling. -
ANSWER✅✅-Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever. -
ANSWER✅✅-Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas. -ANSWER✅✅-Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Page 1 of 27
,Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area. -
ANSWER✅✅-Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct facial
features.-ANSWER✅✅-Down Syndrome
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive
necrosis.-ANSWER✅✅-Liquefactive Necrosis
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement activation.-
ANSWER✅✅-IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.-ANSWER✅✅-
Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.-
ANSWER✅✅-Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation and tissue
damage.-ANSWER✅✅-Type III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.-ANSWER✅✅-
Frontal Lobe
Page 2 of 27
, Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.-
ANSWER✅✅-Impaired tissue perfusion
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing
the airway.-ANSWER✅✅-Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation.-
ANSWER✅✅-Apoptosis
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction.-
ANSWER✅✅-Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal function.-
ANSWER✅✅-Serum creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood volume.-
ANSWER✅✅-Aldosterone
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output.-
ANSWER✅✅-Hypovolemic shock
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.-ANSWER✅✅-Frank-
Starling law of the heart
Page 3 of 27
with Accurate Solutions (Expert Verified) | 2026 Latest Update-
South College
The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an
electrochemical gradient essential for membrane potential. -ANSWER✅✅-Sodium-Potassium Pump
Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation
and ATP generation. -ANSWER✅✅-Mitochondria
In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both
bicarbonate and pH. -ANSWER✅✅-Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values
B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity. -
ANSWER✅✅-B Lymphocytes
Reversible injury often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling. -
ANSWER✅✅-Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury
IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature set point, causing fever. -
ANSWER✅✅-Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the
pancreas. -ANSWER✅✅-Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Page 1 of 27
,Redness (rubor) results from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area. -
ANSWER✅✅-Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation
Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by developmental delays and distinct facial
features.-ANSWER✅✅-Down Syndrome
In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive
necrosis.-ANSWER✅✅-Liquefactive Necrosis
IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and complement activation.-
ANSWER✅✅-IgM
Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated cell proliferation.-ANSWER✅✅-
Oncogene
Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.-
ANSWER✅✅-Hypokalemia
SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III), leading to widespread inflammation and tissue
damage.-ANSWER✅✅-Type III Hypersensitivity
The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates voluntary movement.-ANSWER✅✅-
Frontal Lobe
Page 2 of 27
, Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.-
ANSWER✅✅-Impaired tissue perfusion
Asthma involves hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing
the airway.-ANSWER✅✅-Bronchoconstriction and mucus production
Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or unneeded cells without inflammation.-
ANSWER✅✅-Apoptosis
Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction.-
ANSWER✅✅-Atherosclerotic plaque rupture
Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys; elevated levels suggest impaired renal function.-
ANSWER✅✅-Serum creatinine
Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal nephron to increase blood volume.-
ANSWER✅✅-Aldosterone
Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss reduces preload and cardiac output.-
ANSWER✅✅-Hypovolemic shock
Stretching of myocardial fibers improves contractile force, increasing output.-ANSWER✅✅-Frank-
Starling law of the heart
Page 3 of 27
