CMN 574 Unit 2 2026 Expert
Verifed Ace the Test
torticollis - ANSWER ✔✔Chin rotates to the opposite side of the
spasm while the head tilts towards the spasm
Sternocleidomastoid muscle has been damaged or there is an
underlying disease process
-Congenital deformities of the cervical spine
-Tumors of the spinal cord or cerebellum; syringomyelia, or RA
Passive stretching is effective in up to 97% of all cases
,congenital deformities - ANSWER ✔✔Limb deficiencies are rare,
accounting for 0.79/1000 births
Upper limbs > lower limbs
-Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the fibula
If patient has congenital limb deficiency, then other congenital problems
are much more likely to be found
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Extra digits (polydactyly)
-Anencephaly
Typically, there is a partial absence rather than complete loss of limb.
treatment of congenital deformities - ANSWER ✔✔Limb lengthening
or contralateral limb shortening
,Removal of part of the deformed limb
Prosthetics:
-Early fitting is key
-Lower extremities:
Typically fitted around 12 months of age
Well tolerated- necessary to help balance and walk
-Upper extremities:
Mitten type as young as 6 months
Able to "develop" as the child grows
deformities of the extremities - ANSWER ✔✔Metatarsus Adductus
Talipes Equinovarus
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Torticollis
metatarsus adductus - ANSWER ✔✔-Common congenital foot
deformity
-Inward deviation of the forefoot
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -Most flexible deformities resolve spontaneously due to positioning in the
uterus
-Vertical crease in the medial aspect of the arch if rigid deformity
If cannot be repositioned past midline, serial casting is used to correct
deformity
Corrective shoes- ?
-Maybe associated with hip dysplasia
Careful examination of the hips
Talipes Equinovarus - ANSWER ✔✔-Clubfoot
-Occurs in 1 per 1000 live births
-Idiopathic, neurogenic, or related to arthrogryposis or Larsen syndrome
-Check for other anomalies, especially the spine
-Idiopathic club foot may be hereditary:
Plantar Flexion of the foot at the ankle joint (equinus)
Inversion deformity of the heel (varus)
Medial deviation of the forefoot (adductus)
treatment of talipes equinovarus - ANSWER ✔✔Preferred treatment:
Ponsetti technique
Verifed Ace the Test
torticollis - ANSWER ✔✔Chin rotates to the opposite side of the
spasm while the head tilts towards the spasm
Sternocleidomastoid muscle has been damaged or there is an
underlying disease process
-Congenital deformities of the cervical spine
-Tumors of the spinal cord or cerebellum; syringomyelia, or RA
Passive stretching is effective in up to 97% of all cases
,congenital deformities - ANSWER ✔✔Limb deficiencies are rare,
accounting for 0.79/1000 births
Upper limbs > lower limbs
-Congenital longitudinal deficiency of the fibula
If patient has congenital limb deficiency, then other congenital problems
are much more likely to be found
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Extra digits (polydactyly)
-Anencephaly
Typically, there is a partial absence rather than complete loss of limb.
treatment of congenital deformities - ANSWER ✔✔Limb lengthening
or contralateral limb shortening
,Removal of part of the deformed limb
Prosthetics:
-Early fitting is key
-Lower extremities:
Typically fitted around 12 months of age
Well tolerated- necessary to help balance and walk
-Upper extremities:
Mitten type as young as 6 months
Able to "develop" as the child grows
deformities of the extremities - ANSWER ✔✔Metatarsus Adductus
Talipes Equinovarus
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Torticollis
metatarsus adductus - ANSWER ✔✔-Common congenital foot
deformity
-Inward deviation of the forefoot
3
COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2026. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, -Most flexible deformities resolve spontaneously due to positioning in the
uterus
-Vertical crease in the medial aspect of the arch if rigid deformity
If cannot be repositioned past midline, serial casting is used to correct
deformity
Corrective shoes- ?
-Maybe associated with hip dysplasia
Careful examination of the hips
Talipes Equinovarus - ANSWER ✔✔-Clubfoot
-Occurs in 1 per 1000 live births
-Idiopathic, neurogenic, or related to arthrogryposis or Larsen syndrome
-Check for other anomalies, especially the spine
-Idiopathic club foot may be hereditary:
Plantar Flexion of the foot at the ankle joint (equinus)
Inversion deformity of the heel (varus)
Medial deviation of the forefoot (adductus)
treatment of talipes equinovarus - ANSWER ✔✔Preferred treatment:
Ponsetti technique
