BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab
Modules 1-5 Combined Exam – Undergraduate
Biology and Pre-Health Curriculum – 2026/2027
Academic Year – Verified Questions and
Answers for Science Students
MODULE 1: BLOOD
Question 1
Which body system supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste?
A) Nervous system
B) Respiratory system
C) Urinary System
D) Circulatory System
Answer: D) Circulatory System
Rationale: The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and carries
away metabolic wastes. While other systems perform individual functions (respiratory for
gas exchange, urinary for waste removal), only the circulatory system carries out all these
functions together .
,Question 2
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
A) Phagocytosis of pathogens
B) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C) Antibody production
D) Blood clotting
Answer: B) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Rationale: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin, which reversibly binds
oxygen for transport from lungs to tissues and carries carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
They are anucleate and lack organelles to maximize space for hemoglobin .
Question 3
Which of the following leukocytes is a granulocyte?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Monocyte
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
Answer: C) Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are granulocytes along with eosinophils and basophils.
Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules and have lobed nuclei. Lymphocytes
and monocytes are agranulocytes .
,Question 4
Which plasma protein contributes most significantly to maintaining colloid osmotic
pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) Globulin
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: B) Albumin
Rationale: Albumin is the primary determinant of plasma oncotic pressure. It is the most
abundant plasma protein and is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure that keeps
fluid within the blood vessels .
Question 5
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops progressive normocytic anemia despite
adequate iron stores. Which physiological mechanism most directly explains the
anemia?
A) Reduced thrombopoietin production decreases erythrocyte synthesis
B) Decreased erythropoietin secretion reduces erythroid stem cell stimulation
C) Increased plasma volume destroys circulating erythrocytes
D) Impaired albumin synthesis prevents hemoglobin production
Answer: B) Decreased erythropoietin secretion reduces erythroid stem cell
stimulation
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates erythrocyte
production in red bone marrow. Chronic kidney disease commonly causes anemia because
EPO secretion decreases, reducing red blood cell production .
, Question 6
Following severe dehydration, laboratory analysis demonstrates elevated hematocrit
without an increase in total erythrocyte number. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A) Absolute polycythemia has developed
B) Relative polycythemia resulted from decreased plasma volume
C) Hemolytic anemia increased red cell concentration
D) Increased erythropoiesis occurred within hours
Answer: B) Relative polycythemia resulted from decreased plasma volume
Rationale: Dehydration reduces plasma volume, increasing hematocrit (the percentage of
blood composed of erythrocytes) despite an unchanged erythrocyte mass. This is classified
as relative polycythemia .
Question 7
Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma?
A) Water
B) Electrolytes
C) Hemoglobin
D) Plasma proteins
Answer: C) Hemoglobin
Rationale: Hemoglobin is found within erythrocytes (red blood cells), not free in plasma.
Plasma is composed of approximately 92% water, 7% plasma proteins (albumin, globulins,
fibrinogen), and 1% other solutes including electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products .
Modules 1-5 Combined Exam – Undergraduate
Biology and Pre-Health Curriculum – 2026/2027
Academic Year – Verified Questions and
Answers for Science Students
MODULE 1: BLOOD
Question 1
Which body system supplies cells with oxygen and nutrients and carries away waste?
A) Nervous system
B) Respiratory system
C) Urinary System
D) Circulatory System
Answer: D) Circulatory System
Rationale: The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and carries
away metabolic wastes. While other systems perform individual functions (respiratory for
gas exchange, urinary for waste removal), only the circulatory system carries out all these
functions together .
,Question 2
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
A) Phagocytosis of pathogens
B) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C) Antibody production
D) Blood clotting
Answer: B) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Rationale: Erythrocytes (red blood cells) contain hemoglobin, which reversibly binds
oxygen for transport from lungs to tissues and carries carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.
They are anucleate and lack organelles to maximize space for hemoglobin .
Question 3
Which of the following leukocytes is a granulocyte?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Monocyte
C) Neutrophil
D) Macrophage
Answer: C) Neutrophil
Rationale: Neutrophils are granulocytes along with eosinophils and basophils.
Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules and have lobed nuclei. Lymphocytes
and monocytes are agranulocytes .
,Question 4
Which plasma protein contributes most significantly to maintaining colloid osmotic
pressure?
A) Fibrinogen
B) Albumin
C) Globulin
D) Hemoglobin
Answer: B) Albumin
Rationale: Albumin is the primary determinant of plasma oncotic pressure. It is the most
abundant plasma protein and is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure that keeps
fluid within the blood vessels .
Question 5
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops progressive normocytic anemia despite
adequate iron stores. Which physiological mechanism most directly explains the
anemia?
A) Reduced thrombopoietin production decreases erythrocyte synthesis
B) Decreased erythropoietin secretion reduces erythroid stem cell stimulation
C) Increased plasma volume destroys circulating erythrocytes
D) Impaired albumin synthesis prevents hemoglobin production
Answer: B) Decreased erythropoietin secretion reduces erythroid stem cell
stimulation
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates erythrocyte
production in red bone marrow. Chronic kidney disease commonly causes anemia because
EPO secretion decreases, reducing red blood cell production .
, Question 6
Following severe dehydration, laboratory analysis demonstrates elevated hematocrit
without an increase in total erythrocyte number. Which interpretation is most accurate?
A) Absolute polycythemia has developed
B) Relative polycythemia resulted from decreased plasma volume
C) Hemolytic anemia increased red cell concentration
D) Increased erythropoiesis occurred within hours
Answer: B) Relative polycythemia resulted from decreased plasma volume
Rationale: Dehydration reduces plasma volume, increasing hematocrit (the percentage of
blood composed of erythrocytes) despite an unchanged erythrocyte mass. This is classified
as relative polycythemia .
Question 7
Which of the following is NOT a component of plasma?
A) Water
B) Electrolytes
C) Hemoglobin
D) Plasma proteins
Answer: C) Hemoglobin
Rationale: Hemoglobin is found within erythrocytes (red blood cells), not free in plasma.
Plasma is composed of approximately 92% water, 7% plasma proteins (albumin, globulins,
fibrinogen), and 1% other solutes including electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products .
