WGU D312 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I WITH LAB OA
EXAMINATION COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR JUST RELEASED
Exam Coverage Summary
1. Human Body Organization – Anatomical terminology, body planes, directional terms, body
cavities, and levels of structural organization.
2. Cell Structure and Function – Organelles, plasma membrane transport, cellular respiration,
protein synthesis, enzymes, and cell division.
3. Basic Chemistry – Atoms, molecules, ions, chemical bonds, pH, buffers, acids, bases, and
biological macromolecules.
4. Histology – Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues including structure, function, and
locations.
5. Integumentary System – Skin layers, accessory structures, wound healing, thermoregulation,
and vitamin D synthesis.
6. Skeletal System – Bone anatomy, bone growth, remodeling, fracture repair, axial and
appendicular skeleton, and joints.
7. Muscular System – Muscle tissue types, sliding filament theory, excitation-contraction coupling,
muscle metabolism, and movement.
8. Nervous System Fundamentals – Neuron structure, action potentials, synapses,
neurotransmitters, reflexes, and basic brain anatomy.
9. Laboratory Skills – Anatomical models, microscope use, tissue identification, bone and muscle
identification, and physiological experiments.
10. Homeostasis and Clinical Applications – Feedback mechanisms, physiological regulation,
common disorders, and interpretation of anatomy and physiology scenarios.
1. Which statement best explains why maintaining homeostasis is considered one of
the most essential physiological functions of the human body throughout life?
A. It eliminates all disease-causing organisms permanently.
B. It keeps the internal environment within limits compatible with normal cellular
function.
C. It allows every organ to function independently.
D. It prevents aging of tissues.
Answer: B
,Rationale: Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions required for cells
to survive and function despite external environmental changes.
2. Which level of structural organization directly follows the cellular level in the
hierarchy of human body organization?
A. Organism
B. Tissue
C. Organ
D. Organ system
Answer: B
Rationale: Similar cells combine to form tissues, making tissue the level immediately
above cells.
3. Which directional anatomical term correctly describes the position of the heart
relative to the lungs inside the thoracic cavity?
A. Lateral
B. Superior
C. Medial
D. Distal
Answer: C
Rationale: The heart lies between the lungs, making it medial to both lungs.
4. During laboratory identification of body planes, which plane divides the body into
equal right and left halves?
A. Frontal plane
B. Oblique plane
C. Transverse plane
D. Midsagittal plane
,Answer: D
Rationale: The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left portions.
5. Which body cavity primarily protects the brain from external injury while allowing
normal neurological function?
A. Vertebral cavity
B. Thoracic cavity
C. Cranial cavity
D. Pelvic cavity
Answer: C
Rationale: The cranial cavity encloses and protects the brain.
6. Which chemical bond forms when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve greater
molecular stability?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Metallic bond
Answer: C
Rationale: Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms.
7. Why are hydrogen bonds particularly important in maintaining the unique
properties of water essential for human physiology?
A. They completely prevent evaporation.
B. They contribute to cohesion, surface tension, and temperature stability.
C. They produce ATP directly.
D. They create ionic compounds.
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds give water its essential biological properties.
8. Which biological molecule serves as the body's primary long-term energy storage
compound?
A. Protein
B. DNA
C. Lipid
D. RNA
Answer: C
Rationale: Lipids store large amounts of energy for long-term use.
9. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Ribosome
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondrion
Answer: D
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
10. Which cellular structure selectively regulates movement of substances entering
and leaving the cell?
A. Nuclear membrane
B. Plasma membrane
C. Cytoplasm
D. Centrosome
EXAMINATION COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR JUST RELEASED
Exam Coverage Summary
1. Human Body Organization – Anatomical terminology, body planes, directional terms, body
cavities, and levels of structural organization.
2. Cell Structure and Function – Organelles, plasma membrane transport, cellular respiration,
protein synthesis, enzymes, and cell division.
3. Basic Chemistry – Atoms, molecules, ions, chemical bonds, pH, buffers, acids, bases, and
biological macromolecules.
4. Histology – Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues including structure, function, and
locations.
5. Integumentary System – Skin layers, accessory structures, wound healing, thermoregulation,
and vitamin D synthesis.
6. Skeletal System – Bone anatomy, bone growth, remodeling, fracture repair, axial and
appendicular skeleton, and joints.
7. Muscular System – Muscle tissue types, sliding filament theory, excitation-contraction coupling,
muscle metabolism, and movement.
8. Nervous System Fundamentals – Neuron structure, action potentials, synapses,
neurotransmitters, reflexes, and basic brain anatomy.
9. Laboratory Skills – Anatomical models, microscope use, tissue identification, bone and muscle
identification, and physiological experiments.
10. Homeostasis and Clinical Applications – Feedback mechanisms, physiological regulation,
common disorders, and interpretation of anatomy and physiology scenarios.
1. Which statement best explains why maintaining homeostasis is considered one of
the most essential physiological functions of the human body throughout life?
A. It eliminates all disease-causing organisms permanently.
B. It keeps the internal environment within limits compatible with normal cellular
function.
C. It allows every organ to function independently.
D. It prevents aging of tissues.
Answer: B
,Rationale: Homeostasis maintains relatively stable internal conditions required for cells
to survive and function despite external environmental changes.
2. Which level of structural organization directly follows the cellular level in the
hierarchy of human body organization?
A. Organism
B. Tissue
C. Organ
D. Organ system
Answer: B
Rationale: Similar cells combine to form tissues, making tissue the level immediately
above cells.
3. Which directional anatomical term correctly describes the position of the heart
relative to the lungs inside the thoracic cavity?
A. Lateral
B. Superior
C. Medial
D. Distal
Answer: C
Rationale: The heart lies between the lungs, making it medial to both lungs.
4. During laboratory identification of body planes, which plane divides the body into
equal right and left halves?
A. Frontal plane
B. Oblique plane
C. Transverse plane
D. Midsagittal plane
,Answer: D
Rationale: The midsagittal plane divides the body into equal right and left portions.
5. Which body cavity primarily protects the brain from external injury while allowing
normal neurological function?
A. Vertebral cavity
B. Thoracic cavity
C. Cranial cavity
D. Pelvic cavity
Answer: C
Rationale: The cranial cavity encloses and protects the brain.
6. Which chemical bond forms when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve greater
molecular stability?
A. Ionic bond
B. Hydrogen bond
C. Covalent bond
D. Metallic bond
Answer: C
Rationale: Covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms.
7. Why are hydrogen bonds particularly important in maintaining the unique
properties of water essential for human physiology?
A. They completely prevent evaporation.
B. They contribute to cohesion, surface tension, and temperature stability.
C. They produce ATP directly.
D. They create ionic compounds.
, Answer: B
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds give water its essential biological properties.
8. Which biological molecule serves as the body's primary long-term energy storage
compound?
A. Protein
B. DNA
C. Lipid
D. RNA
Answer: C
Rationale: Lipids store large amounts of energy for long-term use.
9. Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Ribosome
C. Lysosome
D. Mitochondrion
Answer: D
Rationale: Mitochondria generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
10. Which cellular structure selectively regulates movement of substances entering
and leaving the cell?
A. Nuclear membrane
B. Plasma membrane
C. Cytoplasm
D. Centrosome
