NUR 529 Exam 2 Questions with 100% Correct
Answers
Systemic arterial pressure
is the main source of afterload on the left heart, Left ventricle afterload is increased with
narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve
Stages of Hemostasis
Vessel Spasm, formation of the platelet plug, blood coagulation (clot retraction, clot
dissolution)
Vessel Spasm
First stage of hemostasis, constricts the vessel and reduces blood flow. It is a transient event
that usually lasts minutes or hours.
Formation of the platelet plug
Second stage of hemostasis, 1. platelets are attracted to damaged vessel wall. 2. activation by
sub-endothelial tissue. 3. change from smooth disks to spiny spheres. 4. exposing
glycoprotein receptors on their surfaces. This step requires a protein molecule called von
Willebrand factor that leaks into the injured tissue from the plasma. (adhesion, activation,
aggregation)
During Hemostasis, platelets change from .....
Smooth disks to spiny spheres
von Willebrand factor
Formation of the platelet plug requires a protein molecule called (helps platelets stick
together)
,Glycoprotein Receptors
Exposed during the formation of the platelet plug when platelets change from smooth disks to
spiny spheres
1.Blood coagulation or development of an insoluble fibrin clot
Third step of hemostasis: stabilization of the plug occurs as the coagulation pathway is
activated on the platelet surface, and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
Thrombocytopenia
Results from a decrease in platelet production, increased sequestration of platelets in the
spleen, or decreased platelet survival
Drug induced thrombocytopenia
can be from aspirin, atorvastatin, antibiotics and of course Heparin.
Clot retraction
the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot pulls the edges of the damaged vessel close
together, allowing for repair of the vessel lining.
Clot dissolution
fibrinolysis occurs through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA), which is released from damaged endothelial cells. This conversion results in
digestion of fibrin fibers within the clot and the production of fibrin degradation products....
Clot dissolves.
Immune thrombocytopenia
was formally called idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura. ITP is the most common
thrombocytopenic disorder among children and often follows an upper respiratory infection.
,Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
rare and caused by a deficiency of the gene responsible for severing large von Willebrand
factor proteins. The unchecked platelet aggregation results in microvascular occlusions...end
organ failure
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders
Most often involves small vessels of mucous membranes and skin, common sites are nose,
mouth, GI, uterine
Cutaneous bleeding
seen as pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), or purple areas of bruising (purpura)
Petechiae
Occur almost exclusively in conditions of platelet deficiency, not dysfunction
120 days
RBC lifespan
Spleen
Breaks down RBC
5 years
Almost all bones produce RBCS to maintain growth rate until this age
Red bone marrow
RBCS produced here after birth
20 years
, Age when red cell production takes place mainly in the membranous bones of the vertebrae,
sternum, ribs, and pelvis and red marrow changes to fatty yellow due to decreased activity
Iron and amino acids
Degradation products recycled when RBCS are broken down
Hematocrit
Measures the volume of red cell mass in 100 mL of plasma volume
Transfusion reaction symptoms
•Sensation of heat along the vein where the blood is being infused
•Flushing of the face
•Urticaria/rash, headache, pain in the lumbar area
•Chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest
•Cramping pain in the abdomen
•Nausea, vomiting
•Tachycardia, hypotension, and dyspnea
Anemia
-An abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or level of hemoglobin, or both
-Results in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
characteristic of iron deficiency anemia
microcytic (small) and hypochromic (less color) red cells
characteristic of megaloblastic anemia
macrocytic (large) and misshaped red blood cells
sickle cell disease
Answers
Systemic arterial pressure
is the main source of afterload on the left heart, Left ventricle afterload is increased with
narrowing (stenosis) of the aortic valve
Stages of Hemostasis
Vessel Spasm, formation of the platelet plug, blood coagulation (clot retraction, clot
dissolution)
Vessel Spasm
First stage of hemostasis, constricts the vessel and reduces blood flow. It is a transient event
that usually lasts minutes or hours.
Formation of the platelet plug
Second stage of hemostasis, 1. platelets are attracted to damaged vessel wall. 2. activation by
sub-endothelial tissue. 3. change from smooth disks to spiny spheres. 4. exposing
glycoprotein receptors on their surfaces. This step requires a protein molecule called von
Willebrand factor that leaks into the injured tissue from the plasma. (adhesion, activation,
aggregation)
During Hemostasis, platelets change from .....
Smooth disks to spiny spheres
von Willebrand factor
Formation of the platelet plug requires a protein molecule called (helps platelets stick
together)
,Glycoprotein Receptors
Exposed during the formation of the platelet plug when platelets change from smooth disks to
spiny spheres
1.Blood coagulation or development of an insoluble fibrin clot
Third step of hemostasis: stabilization of the plug occurs as the coagulation pathway is
activated on the platelet surface, and fibrinogen is converted to fibrin.
Thrombocytopenia
Results from a decrease in platelet production, increased sequestration of platelets in the
spleen, or decreased platelet survival
Drug induced thrombocytopenia
can be from aspirin, atorvastatin, antibiotics and of course Heparin.
Clot retraction
the consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot pulls the edges of the damaged vessel close
together, allowing for repair of the vessel lining.
Clot dissolution
fibrinolysis occurs through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA), which is released from damaged endothelial cells. This conversion results in
digestion of fibrin fibers within the clot and the production of fibrin degradation products....
Clot dissolves.
Immune thrombocytopenia
was formally called idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura. ITP is the most common
thrombocytopenic disorder among children and often follows an upper respiratory infection.
,Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic
rare and caused by a deficiency of the gene responsible for severing large von Willebrand
factor proteins. The unchecked platelet aggregation results in microvascular occlusions...end
organ failure
Spontaneous bleeding from platelet disorders
Most often involves small vessels of mucous membranes and skin, common sites are nose,
mouth, GI, uterine
Cutaneous bleeding
seen as pinpoint hemorrhages (petechiae), or purple areas of bruising (purpura)
Petechiae
Occur almost exclusively in conditions of platelet deficiency, not dysfunction
120 days
RBC lifespan
Spleen
Breaks down RBC
5 years
Almost all bones produce RBCS to maintain growth rate until this age
Red bone marrow
RBCS produced here after birth
20 years
, Age when red cell production takes place mainly in the membranous bones of the vertebrae,
sternum, ribs, and pelvis and red marrow changes to fatty yellow due to decreased activity
Iron and amino acids
Degradation products recycled when RBCS are broken down
Hematocrit
Measures the volume of red cell mass in 100 mL of plasma volume
Transfusion reaction symptoms
•Sensation of heat along the vein where the blood is being infused
•Flushing of the face
•Urticaria/rash, headache, pain in the lumbar area
•Chills, fever, constricting pain in the chest
•Cramping pain in the abdomen
•Nausea, vomiting
•Tachycardia, hypotension, and dyspnea
Anemia
-An abnormally low number of circulating red blood cells or level of hemoglobin, or both
-Results in diminished oxygen-carrying capacity
characteristic of iron deficiency anemia
microcytic (small) and hypochromic (less color) red cells
characteristic of megaloblastic anemia
macrocytic (large) and misshaped red blood cells
sickle cell disease
