Portage Pathophysiology Module 9 Exam
with Question and Well Verified Answers
(ACTUAL ANSWERS) @2026/2027!!!
1. Which of the following best defines an endocrine action?
A) A hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
B) A hormone acts on nearby cells without entering circulation
C) A hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ
D) A hormone acts through neural synapses
Answer: C – Endocrine action involves release of hormones into the bloodstream to act
on distant target organs. Paracrine action affects nearby cells, and autocrine action
affects the same cell that released the hormone.
2. A hormone that exerts its effect on the same cell that released it is
demonstrating which type of action?
A) Endocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Autocrine
D) Exocrine
Answer: C – Autocrine action occurs when a hormone produces a biologic action on the
cell that released it.
3. Which type of hormone action involves local effects on cells close to where the
hormone was released?
A) Endocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Autocrine
D) Neurocrine
Answer: B – Paracrine action involves hormones acting locally on cells close to where
they are released.
4. Steroid hormones are derived from which precursor molecule?
,A) Amino acids
B) Peptides
C) Cholesterol
D) Carbohydrates
Answer: C – Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.
5. Which of the following structural types of hormones includes amines and amino
acids?
A) Steroids
B) Peptides and proteins
C) Amines and amino acids
D) Glycoproteins
Answer: C – The three structural types are amines and amino acids, peptides and
proteins, and steroids.
6. True or False: Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback
mechanisms.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B – Most hormones are controlled through negative feedback mechanisms.
Positive feedback is rare (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth).
7. Which gland is known as the "master gland" of the endocrine system?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Pituitary
C) Thyroid
D) Adrenal
Answer: B – The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because it stimulates target
organs to secrete their hormones.
8. The hypothalamus links which two systems of the body?
A) Endocrine and digestive
B) Nervous and endocrine
,C) Respiratory and circulatory
D) Muscular and skeletal
Answer: B – The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.
9. Which of the following functions is regulated by the hypothalamus? (Select all
that apply)
A) Body temperature
B) Hunger
C) Behavior and emotion
D) Pain sensation
Answer: A, B, C, D – The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, body temperature,
hunger, behavior, emotion, and pain.
10. Releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus stimulate which gland?
A) Thyroid
B) Adrenal
C) Pituitary
D) Pancreas
Answer: C – The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate the
pituitary to release stimulating hormones.
11. True or False: Target cells must have specific receptors to recognize a hormone
and translate the signal into a cellular response.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A – Without specific receptors, a hormone cannot exert its effect on a target
cell.
12. What is the primary mechanism by which the body maintains hormone levels
within a normal range?
A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
, C) Feed-forward control
D) Hormonal amplification
Answer: B – Negative feedback maintains homeostasis by preventing over-secretion of
hormones.
13. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
A) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
B) Release of ADH when blood is concentrated
C) Oxytocin release during childbirth
D) Thyroid hormone regulation
Answer: C – Oxytocin during childbirth causes uterine contractions, which stimulate
more oxytocin release (positive feedback).
14. True or False: Hormones always travel through the bloodstream attached to
transport carriers.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B – Some hormones travel freely, while others require transport carriers.
15. Which hormone plays a major role in the maintenance of body metabolism and
growth and development in children?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Growth hormone
Answer: C – Thyroid hormone is critical for metabolism and growth/development in
children.
16. The posterior pituitary releases which hormones? (Select all that apply)
A) ADH
B) Oxytocin
C) Growth hormone
D) TSH
with Question and Well Verified Answers
(ACTUAL ANSWERS) @2026/2027!!!
1. Which of the following best defines an endocrine action?
A) A hormone acts on the same cell that produced it
B) A hormone acts on nearby cells without entering circulation
C) A hormone is released into circulation to act on a target organ
D) A hormone acts through neural synapses
Answer: C – Endocrine action involves release of hormones into the bloodstream to act
on distant target organs. Paracrine action affects nearby cells, and autocrine action
affects the same cell that released the hormone.
2. A hormone that exerts its effect on the same cell that released it is
demonstrating which type of action?
A) Endocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Autocrine
D) Exocrine
Answer: C – Autocrine action occurs when a hormone produces a biologic action on the
cell that released it.
3. Which type of hormone action involves local effects on cells close to where the
hormone was released?
A) Endocrine
B) Paracrine
C) Autocrine
D) Neurocrine
Answer: B – Paracrine action involves hormones acting locally on cells close to where
they are released.
4. Steroid hormones are derived from which precursor molecule?
,A) Amino acids
B) Peptides
C) Cholesterol
D) Carbohydrates
Answer: C – Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.
5. Which of the following structural types of hormones includes amines and amino
acids?
A) Steroids
B) Peptides and proteins
C) Amines and amino acids
D) Glycoproteins
Answer: C – The three structural types are amines and amino acids, peptides and
proteins, and steroids.
6. True or False: Most hormones are controlled through positive feedback
mechanisms.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B – Most hormones are controlled through negative feedback mechanisms.
Positive feedback is rare (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth).
7. Which gland is known as the "master gland" of the endocrine system?
A) Hypothalamus
B) Pituitary
C) Thyroid
D) Adrenal
Answer: B – The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because it stimulates target
organs to secrete their hormones.
8. The hypothalamus links which two systems of the body?
A) Endocrine and digestive
B) Nervous and endocrine
,C) Respiratory and circulatory
D) Muscular and skeletal
Answer: B – The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.
9. Which of the following functions is regulated by the hypothalamus? (Select all
that apply)
A) Body temperature
B) Hunger
C) Behavior and emotion
D) Pain sensation
Answer: A, B, C, D – The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, body temperature,
hunger, behavior, emotion, and pain.
10. Releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus stimulate which gland?
A) Thyroid
B) Adrenal
C) Pituitary
D) Pancreas
Answer: C – The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones that stimulate the
pituitary to release stimulating hormones.
11. True or False: Target cells must have specific receptors to recognize a hormone
and translate the signal into a cellular response.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A – Without specific receptors, a hormone cannot exert its effect on a target
cell.
12. What is the primary mechanism by which the body maintains hormone levels
within a normal range?
A) Positive feedback
B) Negative feedback
, C) Feed-forward control
D) Hormonal amplification
Answer: B – Negative feedback maintains homeostasis by preventing over-secretion of
hormones.
13. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
A) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
B) Release of ADH when blood is concentrated
C) Oxytocin release during childbirth
D) Thyroid hormone regulation
Answer: C – Oxytocin during childbirth causes uterine contractions, which stimulate
more oxytocin release (positive feedback).
14. True or False: Hormones always travel through the bloodstream attached to
transport carriers.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B – Some hormones travel freely, while others require transport carriers.
15. Which hormone plays a major role in the maintenance of body metabolism and
growth and development in children?
A) Insulin
B) Cortisol
C) Thyroid hormone
D) Growth hormone
Answer: C – Thyroid hormone is critical for metabolism and growth/development in
children.
16. The posterior pituitary releases which hormones? (Select all that apply)
A) ADH
B) Oxytocin
C) Growth hormone
D) TSH
