BIO 322 Final Exam V1 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Final Exam) | Grand
Canyon University
1. Which of the following are common causes of cellular atrophy? Select all that apply.
A. Disuse or decreased functional demand
B. Loss of endocrine stimulation
C. Chronic over-nutrition
D. Ischemia or reduced blood supply
E. Denervation of muscle tissue
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Rationale: Atrophy represents a decrease in cell size and functional capacity due to
various physiological and pathological factors. Reduced workloads (disuse), loss of nerve
supply (denervation), and inadequate oxygen supply (ischemia) are primary triggers for
this adaptation. Chronic over-nutrition typically leads to hypertrophy or hyperplasia rather
than the reduction seen in atrophy.
2. A patient presents with an arterial blood gas (ABG) showing a pH of 7.31, a PaCO2 of 52
mmHg, and a HCO3 of 25 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is occurring?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
,B. Metabolic Alkalosis
C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pH of 7.31 indicates acidosis, while the elevated PaCO2 of 52 mmHg points
toward a respiratory origin. The bicarbonate level is within the normal range, indicating
that compensation has not yet significantly occurred. This pattern is characteristic of
respiratory acidosis, often caused by alveolar hypoventilation.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
B. Excessive glucagon secretion by alpha cells
C. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
D. Increased glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency
resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This
destruction is usually mediated by T-cells and autoantibodies in genetically susceptible
individuals. Consequently, patients require exogenous insulin administration to prevent
ketoacidosis and sustain life.
, 4. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the development of
Trousseau and Chvostek signs?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability by decreasing the threshold
for nerve action potentials. The Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the facial nerve, while
the Trousseau sign is indicated by carpal spasms when a blood pressure cuff is inflated.
These clinical signs are critical diagnostic markers for identifying significant calcium
deficits.
5. A patient with right-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit which of the following clinical
manifestations?
A. Jugular venous distension and peripheral edema
B. Pulmonary edema and crackles
C. Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
D. Hemoptysis and pleural effusion
Correct Answer: A
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Final Exam) | Grand
Canyon University
1. Which of the following are common causes of cellular atrophy? Select all that apply.
A. Disuse or decreased functional demand
B. Loss of endocrine stimulation
C. Chronic over-nutrition
D. Ischemia or reduced blood supply
E. Denervation of muscle tissue
Correct Answer: A, B, D, E
Rationale: Atrophy represents a decrease in cell size and functional capacity due to
various physiological and pathological factors. Reduced workloads (disuse), loss of nerve
supply (denervation), and inadequate oxygen supply (ischemia) are primary triggers for
this adaptation. Chronic over-nutrition typically leads to hypertrophy or hyperplasia rather
than the reduction seen in atrophy.
2. A patient presents with an arterial blood gas (ABG) showing a pH of 7.31, a PaCO2 of 52
mmHg, and a HCO3 of 25 mEq/L. Which acid-base imbalance is occurring?
A. Metabolic Acidosis
,B. Metabolic Alkalosis
C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Respiratory Alkalosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The pH of 7.31 indicates acidosis, while the elevated PaCO2 of 52 mmHg points
toward a respiratory origin. The bicarbonate level is within the normal range, indicating
that compensation has not yet significantly occurred. This pattern is characteristic of
respiratory acidosis, often caused by alveolar hypoventilation.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
B. Excessive glucagon secretion by alpha cells
C. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues
D. Increased glucose reabsorption in the kidneys
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by an absolute insulin deficiency
resulting from the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This
destruction is usually mediated by T-cells and autoantibodies in genetically susceptible
individuals. Consequently, patients require exogenous insulin administration to prevent
ketoacidosis and sustain life.
, 4. Which electrolyte abnormality is most commonly associated with the development of
Trousseau and Chvostek signs?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypocalcemia
C. Hyponatremia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability by decreasing the threshold
for nerve action potentials. The Chvostek sign is elicited by tapping the facial nerve, while
the Trousseau sign is indicated by carpal spasms when a blood pressure cuff is inflated.
These clinical signs are critical diagnostic markers for identifying significant calcium
deficits.
5. A patient with right-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit which of the following clinical
manifestations?
A. Jugular venous distension and peripheral edema
B. Pulmonary edema and crackles
C. Orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
D. Hemoptysis and pleural effusion
Correct Answer: A
