BIO 322 Exam 1 V3 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A patient is diagnosed with a decrease in muscle size after being in a cast for six weeks.
Which cellular adaptation has occurred?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy refers to a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often resulting from
disuse or decreased workload. In this scenario, the immobilization of the limb led to a
reduction in metabolic demand, causing the cells to shrink. This is a reversible process if
the stressor is removed and movement is restored.
2. Which of the following factors are known to cause cellular injury? Select all that apply.
A. Hypoxia
B. Free radicals
C. Genetic mutations
,D. Chemical agents
E. Nutritional imbalances
F. Infectious agents
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale: Cellular injury can result from a wide variety of physiological and
environmental insults. Hypoxia is the most common cause, depriving the cell of oxygen
necessary for ATP production. Other stressors like chemical toxins, physical trauma, and
nutritional deficits disrupt cellular homeostasis and can lead to cell death if not corrected.
3. A clinician is explaining the process of cell death characterized by cellular swelling and
rupture of cell membranes. What is this process called?
A. Apoptosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Autophagy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of
self-digestion. It is usually characterized by cellular swelling, denaturation of proteins, and
the breakdown of organelles. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is always a pathological process
and typically triggers an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue.
, 4. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with a myocardial infarction?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands,
usually resulting from severe ischemia or chemical injury. The structural proteins and
enzymes are denatured, creating a firm, gray area of dead tissue. This pattern of necrosis
allows the tissue architecture to be preserved for several days after death.
5. An infant is diagnosed with Trisomy 21. Which of the following clinical features are
associated with this condition? Select all that apply.
A. Low-set ears
B. Simian crease
C. Hypotonia
D. Hyperactivity
E. Epicanthal folds
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A patient is diagnosed with a decrease in muscle size after being in a cast for six weeks.
Which cellular adaptation has occurred?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy refers to a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size, often resulting from
disuse or decreased workload. In this scenario, the immobilization of the limb led to a
reduction in metabolic demand, causing the cells to shrink. This is a reversible process if
the stressor is removed and movement is restored.
2. Which of the following factors are known to cause cellular injury? Select all that apply.
A. Hypoxia
B. Free radicals
C. Genetic mutations
,D. Chemical agents
E. Nutritional imbalances
F. Infectious agents
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E, F
Rationale: Cellular injury can result from a wide variety of physiological and
environmental insults. Hypoxia is the most common cause, depriving the cell of oxygen
necessary for ATP production. Other stressors like chemical toxins, physical trauma, and
nutritional deficits disrupt cellular homeostasis and can lead to cell death if not corrected.
3. A clinician is explaining the process of cell death characterized by cellular swelling and
rupture of cell membranes. What is this process called?
A. Apoptosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Autophagy
D. Necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Necrosis is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of
self-digestion. It is usually characterized by cellular swelling, denaturation of proteins, and
the breakdown of organelles. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis is always a pathological process
and typically triggers an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue.
, 4. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with a myocardial infarction?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Liquefactive necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands,
usually resulting from severe ischemia or chemical injury. The structural proteins and
enzymes are denatured, creating a firm, gray area of dead tissue. This pattern of necrosis
allows the tissue architecture to be preserved for several days after death.
5. An infant is diagnosed with Trisomy 21. Which of the following clinical features are
associated with this condition? Select all that apply.
A. Low-set ears
B. Simian crease
C. Hypotonia
D. Hyperactivity
E. Epicanthal folds
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E
