BIO 322 Exam 1 V2 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A clinician is educating a patient about cellular adaptation. Which of the following are
considered types of adaptive cellular changes? (Select All That Apply)
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Dysplasia
F. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are the four primary types
of adaptive cellular responses. Dysplasia is often considered an abnormal growth process
rather than a true adaptation, although it is related. Neoplasia represents uncontrolled cell
growth and is not an adaptive response to physiological or pathological stimuli.
,2. A patient presents with an increase in the size of the left ventricular myocardium due to
chronic hypertension. This cellular change is best described as:
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Pathological hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical
load or stress. In the case of chronic hypertension, the heart muscle must work harder,
leading to pathological hypertrophy of the left ventricle. This differs from hyperplasia,
which involves an increase in the number of cells.
3. Which cellular process involves the reduction in cell size and function, often occurring due
to decreased workload or loss of hormonal stimulation?
A. Autophagy
B. Atrophy
C. Apoptosis
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
, Rationale: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. It can result from disuse,
denervation, ischemia, or nutrient starvation. If enough cells in an organ atrophy, the entire
organ will shrink in size.
4. A 55-year-old male smoker undergoes a lung biopsy which reveals that the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. What is the
clinical term for this?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
sometimes less differentiated, cell type. In smokers, the chronic irritation of cigarette
smoke causes the fragile columnar cells to be replaced by tougher squamous cells. While
this provides protection, the loss of cilia impairs the clearance of mucus.
5. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is always programmed, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis results in the release of intracellular enzymes into the bloodstream, whereas
necrosis does not.
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A clinician is educating a patient about cellular adaptation. Which of the following are
considered types of adaptive cellular changes? (Select All That Apply)
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
E. Dysplasia
F. Neoplasia
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D
Rationale: Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia are the four primary types
of adaptive cellular responses. Dysplasia is often considered an abnormal growth process
rather than a true adaptation, although it is related. Neoplasia represents uncontrolled cell
growth and is not an adaptive response to physiological or pathological stimuli.
,2. A patient presents with an increase in the size of the left ventricular myocardium due to
chronic hypertension. This cellular change is best described as:
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Compensatory hyperplasia
D. Pathological hypertrophy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cells in response to mechanical
load or stress. In the case of chronic hypertension, the heart muscle must work harder,
leading to pathological hypertrophy of the left ventricle. This differs from hyperplasia,
which involves an increase in the number of cells.
3. Which cellular process involves the reduction in cell size and function, often occurring due
to decreased workload or loss of hormonal stimulation?
A. Autophagy
B. Atrophy
C. Apoptosis
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
, Rationale: Atrophy is the decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. It can result from disuse,
denervation, ischemia, or nutrient starvation. If enough cells in an organ atrophy, the entire
organ will shrink in size.
4. A 55-year-old male smoker undergoes a lung biopsy which reveals that the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. What is the
clinical term for this?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another,
sometimes less differentiated, cell type. In smokers, the chronic irritation of cigarette
smoke causes the fragile columnar cells to be replaced by tougher squamous cells. While
this provides protection, the loss of cilia impairs the clearance of mucus.
5. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is always programmed, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis results in the release of intracellular enzymes into the bloodstream, whereas
necrosis does not.
