BIO 322 Exam 3 V2 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A patient presents with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 25 mL/min/1.73m². According
to the stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), which stage is this patient currently in?
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is characterized by a severely decreased GFR ranging from 15 to 29
mL/min. This stage indicates significant kidney damage where the patient must be
prepared for potential renal replacement therapy. At this point, the kidneys are no longer
able to effectively filter waste from the blood, necessitating close clinical monitoring.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypokalemia
,D. Decreased serum lipids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, specifically exceeding
3.5 grams per day, due to increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to
hypoalbuminemia and subsequent generalized edema. In contrast, nephritic syndrome is
more commonly associated with hematuria and hypertension.
3. A nurse is assessing a patient for suspected acute pyelonephritis. Which of the following
clinical manifestations are associated with this condition? (Select all that apply)
A. Fever and chills
B. Flank or groin pain
C. Costovertebral angle tenderness
D. Frequency and urgency of urination
E. Nausea and vomiting
F. Hypotension and bradycardia
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the upper urinary tract and kidney
parenchyma, typically manifesting with systemic symptoms like fever and chills. Localized
signs include flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness due to inflammation of the
, renal capsule. Urinary symptoms like frequency and urgency often coexist because the
infection frequently ascends from the lower urinary tract.
4. Which type of acute kidney injury (AKI) is most likely to occur following a severe
hemorrhage that causes prolonged hypotension?
A. Intrarenal AKI
B. Postrenal AKI
C. Chronic AKI
D. Prerenal AKI
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce systemic circulation, causing a
decrease in renal blood flow. Severe hemorrhage leads to hypovolemia and hypotension,
which directly impairs glomerular perfusion. If the underlying cause is not corrected
promptly, prerenal AKI can progress to intrinsic or intrarenal damage.
5. What is the primary underlying mechanism responsible for the development of ascites in a
patient with liver cirrhosis?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Obstruction of the common bile duct
D. Portal hypertension and decreased albumin production
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 3) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A patient presents with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 25 mL/min/1.73m². According
to the stages of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), which stage is this patient currently in?
A. Stage 2
B. Stage 3
C. Stage 4
D. Stage 5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage 4 CKD is characterized by a severely decreased GFR ranging from 15 to 29
mL/min. This stage indicates significant kidney damage where the patient must be
prepared for potential renal replacement therapy. At this point, the kidneys are no longer
able to effectively filter waste from the blood, necessitating close clinical monitoring.
2. Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?
A. Gross hematuria
B. Proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day
C. Hypokalemia
,D. Decreased serum lipids
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is defined by massive proteinuria, specifically exceeding
3.5 grams per day, due to increased glomerular permeability. This loss of protein leads to
hypoalbuminemia and subsequent generalized edema. In contrast, nephritic syndrome is
more commonly associated with hematuria and hypertension.
3. A nurse is assessing a patient for suspected acute pyelonephritis. Which of the following
clinical manifestations are associated with this condition? (Select all that apply)
A. Fever and chills
B. Flank or groin pain
C. Costovertebral angle tenderness
D. Frequency and urgency of urination
E. Nausea and vomiting
F. Hypotension and bradycardia
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the upper urinary tract and kidney
parenchyma, typically manifesting with systemic symptoms like fever and chills. Localized
signs include flank pain and costovertebral angle tenderness due to inflammation of the
, renal capsule. Urinary symptoms like frequency and urgency often coexist because the
infection frequently ascends from the lower urinary tract.
4. Which type of acute kidney injury (AKI) is most likely to occur following a severe
hemorrhage that causes prolonged hypotension?
A. Intrarenal AKI
B. Postrenal AKI
C. Chronic AKI
D. Prerenal AKI
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Prerenal AKI is caused by factors that reduce systemic circulation, causing a
decrease in renal blood flow. Severe hemorrhage leads to hypovolemia and hypotension,
which directly impairs glomerular perfusion. If the underlying cause is not corrected
promptly, prerenal AKI can progress to intrinsic or intrarenal damage.
5. What is the primary underlying mechanism responsible for the development of ascites in a
patient with liver cirrhosis?
A. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Obstruction of the common bile duct
D. Portal hypertension and decreased albumin production
