NURS 3366 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026
Innate resistance? - Answers natural- mechanisms born with
What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance? - Answers 1st- physical barriers
(skin); immediate & nonspecific
2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Acquired (adaptive) immunity - Answers also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
What are immunocytes? - Answers lymphocytes- B and T cells
What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work? - Answers Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Eye defense? - Answers 1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Respiratory defense? - Answers mucus in nose traps bacteria
cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies
cough reflex
Gastrointestinal defense? - Answers -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach
gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Genitourinary defense? - Answers -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
What is the second line of defense- inflammation characterized by? - Answers -swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity
What are B and T cells? - Answers T lymphocytes- defend body by direct attack against invaders
B lymphocytes- defend body by differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay
in wait" and always "remember"
Antigens? - Answers proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Antibodies? - Answers IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
What is active acquired immunity? - Answers person own immunocyte system developed the
antibodies that established immunity
Natural active acquired immunity? - Answers persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to
microbially-induced sickness
Artificial active acquired immunity? - Answers persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to
receiving immunization
booster can be given for MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Passive acquired immunity? - Answers given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the
antibodies on their own
Natural passive acquired immunity? - Answers transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta
(MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane from her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is
2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops
breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate)
,temporary antibodies!!
Artificial passive acquired immunity? - Answers antibodies are injected during treatment in
emergencies until active immunity can develop
ex: TIG (tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had
booster in long time
What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity? - Answers advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes
disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? - Answers facilitate shifting of substances from
blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Step 1 of inflammatory response? - Answers Leakiness in 3 ways
1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic pathway--loss of cell
membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area
2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injury- will
degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine,
prostaglandins)
3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from
blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring
if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via bloodstream to
"POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Step 2 of inflammation process? - Answers -neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages
(phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they
might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called
exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has blood-
serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is
purulent exudate or pus
Step 3 of inflammation process? - Answers if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2,
macrophages will have phagocytized and processed them and need help from 3rd line of defense-
acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to
come to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide
to lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Step 4 of inflammation process? - Answers -clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to
create healing- granulating tissue
WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes - Answers mast cells: WBC in tissue
macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize microbes
, neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
What are examples of local inflammatory response? - Answers appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
What is the systemic inflammatory response? - Answers the same as the local one, but less specific
focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating
prostaglandins)
What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response? - Answers
leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
What are S/S of systemic inflammation? - Answers -malaise, aches, pains, fever
fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute phase reactants and to KILL
microorganisms)
-lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially because they are KEY
phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
What are the quantitative and qualitative effects of "not enough" inflammation? - Answers
quantitative:
-leukopenia (def in WBC)
-neutropenia (def in neutrophils)
-could be from chemotherapy
qualitative:
-chemotactic defects (wont response appropriately when "summoned")
-impaired function (phagocytes damaged by DM have decreased ability to fight microbes) so greater
risk for infection for people with DM
What are examples of "too much" inflammation? - Answers -body goes into OVERDRIVE and can
become chronic
-septic shock
-chronic inflammation disorders (SIRS, sepsis)
What is SIRS? - Answers -systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-occurs when normal systemic inflammatory response goes into overdrive and the normal "braking"
system of inflammatory response system does not occur
-widespread impaired tissue function and organ damage
SIRS is present when 2 (usually more) of the following S/S are present: - Answers 1- unexplained
change in mental status (confusion, not as awake as normal)
2-fever more than 100.4
3- increased HR (60-100 is normal)
4- increased RR (12-20 RR is normal)
5-abnormal WBC count
Sepsis occurs with ___ + ___ - Answers SIRS and infection
Septic shock occurs with ___ + ____ - Answers sepsis and low BP
Septic shock and the arteries- explain - Answers vasodilation
-low arterial vessel "tone" and arteries are too relaxed "floppy"
-blood pools rather than circulating
-low blood volume eventually reduces amount of O2 being brought to tissue and decreasing BP
S/S septic shock? - Answers -same as normal systemic inflammatory response- only WORSE; malaise,
fever, leukocytosis, elevated CRP and ESR, low BP, ischemia to organs like brain, heart so pt has
altered mental function
-can cause renal failure, heart failure, death
What are some therapeutics for inflammation whether they're normal or abnormal? - Answers -cold
to numb pain
-anti inflammatories (minimize pain and inflammation)
Innate resistance? - Answers natural- mechanisms born with
What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense in innate resistance? - Answers 1st- physical barriers
(skin); immediate & nonspecific
2nd- inflammation; immediate and nonspecific
3rd- Acquired (adaptive) immunity
Acquired (adaptive) immunity - Answers also the 3rd line of defense
-resist certain disease because of immunocytes
-delayed and specific
What are immunocytes? - Answers lymphocytes- B and T cells
What is the 1st line of defense and how does it work? - Answers Skin!
-sweat has antibacterial and antifungal properties
Eye defense? - Answers 1st line of defense
-tears (Sjogren's syndrome) autoimmune that dries up lubricating fluids all over body not just tears
-eyelashes
Respiratory defense? - Answers mucus in nose traps bacteria
cilia of bronchi cells sweep away foreign bodies
cough reflex
Gastrointestinal defense? - Answers -saliva with protective enzymes
-HCl in stomach
gage reflex/vomiting gets rid of injurious agents
-bowels
Genitourinary defense? - Answers -flow of urine washes away microbes
-vaginal secretions slightly acidic-kills bacteria
What is the second line of defense- inflammation characterized by? - Answers -swelling
-heat
-erythema (redness)
-pain
-if not enough will bring in 3rd line of defense- acquired immunity
What are B and T cells? - Answers T lymphocytes- defend body by direct attack against invaders
B lymphocytes- defend body by differentiating into plasma cells, creating antibodies and will now "lay
in wait" and always "remember"
Antigens? - Answers proteins that can stimulate immunocyte reaction against them
-normal for body to respond to antigens that are foreign to our body, but abnormal to respond to self
antigens
Antibodies? - Answers IgG, IgA, IgE
-proteins that respond with specificity according to type of antigen entering body
What is active acquired immunity? - Answers person own immunocyte system developed the
antibodies that established immunity
Natural active acquired immunity? - Answers persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to
microbially-induced sickness
Artificial active acquired immunity? - Answers persons plasma cells build up antibodies in response to
receiving immunization
booster can be given for MMR because antibodies become weaker over time
Passive acquired immunity? - Answers given someone elses antibodies and did not develop the
antibodies on their own
Natural passive acquired immunity? - Answers transfer of antibodies from mom to baby via placenta
(MatAb antibodies cross placental membrane from her blood to fetus and disintegrate by time baby is
2-3 months old) or breast milk (some MatAbs can transfer during breast feeding but after baby stops
breastfeeding, MatAbs disintegrate)
,temporary antibodies!!
Artificial passive acquired immunity? - Answers antibodies are injected during treatment in
emergencies until active immunity can develop
ex: TIG (tetanus immunoglobin) given to pt with dirty would who has never had tetanus/has not had
booster in long time
What are advantages and disadvantages of passive immunity? - Answers advantages:
-powerful to immediately fight disease
-immediately begin attacking microbes
disadvantages:
-only lasts as long as antibody lasts- about 2 weeks
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response? - Answers facilitate shifting of substances from
blood into injured/irritated tissues to:
-clean up healing area, begin clotting process and promote healing
-stimulate enhanced immunocyte response as needed
Step 1 of inflammatory response? - Answers Leakiness in 3 ways
1- irritated/injured cells that makeup tissues undergo disruption to metabolic pathway--loss of cell
membrane integrity--leakage of fluid in area
2- mast cell degranulation occurs (tissue in body made up of mast cells)--stimulated by injury- will
degranulate and LEAK chemical "granules"-- local inflammatory mediators (leukotrienes, histamine,
prostaglandins)
3-cause capillaries in area to swell up and vasodilate (relax) and more permeable so leak plasma from
blood to tissue and this leaking plasma contains neutrophils, clotting factors and fibring
if MORE inflammation is needed- SYSTEMIC inflammatory mediators come to area via bloodstream to
"POUR FUEL ON FIRE" aka ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS- CPR, circulating prostaglandins
Step 2 of inflammation process? - Answers -neutrophils (phagocytic WBC in blood) and macrophages
(phagocytic cells in tissue) phagocytize "eat and destroy" dirt, debris, dying tissue or microbes they
might find in the area
-combination of plasma, phagocytes, dead tissue, bacteria, fibrin cells result in thick fluid called
exudate
(little microbe involvement will have clear gold color called serous exudate and if has blood-
serosanguinous)
-if more microbe and WBC involvement- infection- exudate becomes thick and white/yellow and is
purulent exudate or pus
Step 3 of inflammation process? - Answers if bacteria, viruses were apart of the mix from step 2,
macrophages will have phagocytized and processed them and need help from 3rd line of defense-
acquired immunity!
-the lymphocytes will help kill microbes and create memory (immunity)
-to involved lymphocytes: macrophages secrete chemotactic substances to "call immunocytes" to
come to area via bloodstream AND display remnants of microbes on cell membranes as display guide
to lymphocytes of "HEY LOOK THIS IS OUR ENEMY!!"
Step 4 of inflammation process? - Answers -clotting factors, platelets and fibrin come together to
create healing- granulating tissue
WBC types? mast cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes - Answers mast cells: WBC in tissue
macrophages: start off life as monocytes and end up in tissue and phaogcytize microbes
, neutrophils- circulating phagocytes and kill microogranisms in blood and tissue
lymphocytes: B and T lymphocytes "immunocytes"
What are examples of local inflammatory response? - Answers appendicitis, pleuritis, thyroiditis
What is the systemic inflammatory response? - Answers the same as the local one, but less specific
focus!
-occurs when body needs extra help with more leukocytes and acute phase reactants (CRP, circulating
prostaglandins)
What inflammatory response characters would be involved in system response? - Answers
leukotriens, histamines, prostaglandins, CRP, large numbers WBCS
-first 3 are when it is local, and last 3 (prosta becomes circulating) when systemic
What are S/S of systemic inflammation? - Answers -malaise, aches, pains, fever
fever (because of response to increased prostaglandins and acute phase reactants and to KILL
microorganisms)
-lab tests: CBC will show increased leukocytes-WBC and neutrophils especially because they are KEY
phagocytes
-serum CRP will be elevated because it is an acute phase reactant "fuel on fire"
What are the quantitative and qualitative effects of "not enough" inflammation? - Answers
quantitative:
-leukopenia (def in WBC)
-neutropenia (def in neutrophils)
-could be from chemotherapy
qualitative:
-chemotactic defects (wont response appropriately when "summoned")
-impaired function (phagocytes damaged by DM have decreased ability to fight microbes) so greater
risk for infection for people with DM
What are examples of "too much" inflammation? - Answers -body goes into OVERDRIVE and can
become chronic
-septic shock
-chronic inflammation disorders (SIRS, sepsis)
What is SIRS? - Answers -systemic inflammatory response syndrome
-occurs when normal systemic inflammatory response goes into overdrive and the normal "braking"
system of inflammatory response system does not occur
-widespread impaired tissue function and organ damage
SIRS is present when 2 (usually more) of the following S/S are present: - Answers 1- unexplained
change in mental status (confusion, not as awake as normal)
2-fever more than 100.4
3- increased HR (60-100 is normal)
4- increased RR (12-20 RR is normal)
5-abnormal WBC count
Sepsis occurs with ___ + ___ - Answers SIRS and infection
Septic shock occurs with ___ + ____ - Answers sepsis and low BP
Septic shock and the arteries- explain - Answers vasodilation
-low arterial vessel "tone" and arteries are too relaxed "floppy"
-blood pools rather than circulating
-low blood volume eventually reduces amount of O2 being brought to tissue and decreasing BP
S/S septic shock? - Answers -same as normal systemic inflammatory response- only WORSE; malaise,
fever, leukocytosis, elevated CRP and ESR, low BP, ischemia to organs like brain, heart so pt has
altered mental function
-can cause renal failure, heart failure, death
What are some therapeutics for inflammation whether they're normal or abnormal? - Answers -cold
to numb pain
-anti inflammatories (minimize pain and inflammation)
