NSG 448 Exam 3 V1 | NSG 448 Evidence-
Based Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NSG448 Exam 3) | Grand
Canyon University
1. Which of the following are considered primary barriers to the implementation of evidence-
based practice in a clinical setting? (Select all that apply)
A. Lack of time to read research
B. Limited access to electronic databases
C. Inadequate staffing levels
D. Resistance from management
E. A patient’s preference for traditional methods
F. Lack of knowledge regarding research appraisal
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, F
Explanation: Barriers to EBP implementation often include systemic issues such as lack of
time and resources within the healthcare facility. Organizational resistance and a lack of
educational preparation among nursing staff also hinder the transition from research to
bedside care. While patient preference is important in EBP, it is considered a component of
the decision-making process rather than a primary barrier to the implementation
framework itself.
,2. When evaluating the results of a pilot study for a capstone project, a p-value of 0.03 is
obtained. How should the student interpret this finding?
A. The results are clinically significant but not statistically significant.
B. The results are statistically significant, assuming an alpha of 0.05.
C. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
D. The study lacks sufficient power to make a determination.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A p-value of 0.03 is less than the standard significance level of 0.05, meaning
there is only a 3 percent probability the results occurred by chance. This allows the
researcher to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Statistical
significance does not automatically imply clinical significance, which must be evaluated
based on the magnitude of the effect.
3. In Lewin’s Theory of Change, which stage involves reinforcing the new practice to ensure it
becomes the new standard of care?
A. Unfreezing
B. Refreezing
C. Moving
D. Transitioning
Correct Answer: B
,Explanation: The refreezing stage is the final phase of Lewin’s model where the change is
stabilized and integrated into the organizational culture. This prevents staff from reverting
to old habits and ensures long-term sustainability of the EBP intervention. Without this
phase, improvements gained during the ‘moving’ stage are likely to be lost over time.
4. A student is utilizing a Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree) to measure
nurse satisfaction. What level of measurement does this data represent?
A. Ordinal
B. Nominal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Ordinal data involves categories that have a logical or ranked order but do
not have a standard distance between the points. Likert scales are the most common
example of ordinal data in nursing research because they rank opinions without precise
mathematical intervals. Understanding the level of measurement is critical for selecting the
appropriate statistical tests for data analysis.
5. Which of the following are essential components of a PICOT question? (Select all that
apply)
A. Population
B. Intervention
, C. Comparison
D. Outcome
E. Timeframe
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Explanation: The PICOT format is a standardized way to frame clinical questions to guide
the evidence search. Each letter represents a specific element: Population, Intervention,
Comparison, Outcome, and Timeframe. Using this structured approach ensures that the
research question is focused, searchable, and clinically relevant.
6. Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the mean scores of two
independent groups, such as a control group and an experimental group?
A. Chi-square
B. Independent t-test
C. Pearson correlation
D. ANOVA
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The independent t-test is designed to compare the means of two unrelated
groups to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between them. This is a
common requirement in EBP projects when evaluating the effectiveness of a new protocol
Based Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NSG448 Exam 3) | Grand
Canyon University
1. Which of the following are considered primary barriers to the implementation of evidence-
based practice in a clinical setting? (Select all that apply)
A. Lack of time to read research
B. Limited access to electronic databases
C. Inadequate staffing levels
D. Resistance from management
E. A patient’s preference for traditional methods
F. Lack of knowledge regarding research appraisal
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, F
Explanation: Barriers to EBP implementation often include systemic issues such as lack of
time and resources within the healthcare facility. Organizational resistance and a lack of
educational preparation among nursing staff also hinder the transition from research to
bedside care. While patient preference is important in EBP, it is considered a component of
the decision-making process rather than a primary barrier to the implementation
framework itself.
,2. When evaluating the results of a pilot study for a capstone project, a p-value of 0.03 is
obtained. How should the student interpret this finding?
A. The results are clinically significant but not statistically significant.
B. The results are statistically significant, assuming an alpha of 0.05.
C. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
D. The study lacks sufficient power to make a determination.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: A p-value of 0.03 is less than the standard significance level of 0.05, meaning
there is only a 3 percent probability the results occurred by chance. This allows the
researcher to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Statistical
significance does not automatically imply clinical significance, which must be evaluated
based on the magnitude of the effect.
3. In Lewin’s Theory of Change, which stage involves reinforcing the new practice to ensure it
becomes the new standard of care?
A. Unfreezing
B. Refreezing
C. Moving
D. Transitioning
Correct Answer: B
,Explanation: The refreezing stage is the final phase of Lewin’s model where the change is
stabilized and integrated into the organizational culture. This prevents staff from reverting
to old habits and ensures long-term sustainability of the EBP intervention. Without this
phase, improvements gained during the ‘moving’ stage are likely to be lost over time.
4. A student is utilizing a Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree) to measure
nurse satisfaction. What level of measurement does this data represent?
A. Ordinal
B. Nominal
C. Interval
D. Ratio
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Ordinal data involves categories that have a logical or ranked order but do
not have a standard distance between the points. Likert scales are the most common
example of ordinal data in nursing research because they rank opinions without precise
mathematical intervals. Understanding the level of measurement is critical for selecting the
appropriate statistical tests for data analysis.
5. Which of the following are essential components of a PICOT question? (Select all that
apply)
A. Population
B. Intervention
, C. Comparison
D. Outcome
E. Timeframe
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Explanation: The PICOT format is a standardized way to frame clinical questions to guide
the evidence search. Each letter represents a specific element: Population, Intervention,
Comparison, Outcome, and Timeframe. Using this structured approach ensures that the
research question is focused, searchable, and clinically relevant.
6. Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the mean scores of two
independent groups, such as a control group and an experimental group?
A. Chi-square
B. Independent t-test
C. Pearson correlation
D. ANOVA
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The independent t-test is designed to compare the means of two unrelated
groups to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between them. This is a
common requirement in EBP projects when evaluating the effectiveness of a new protocol
