BIOL 252: Anatomy &
Physiology II Exam (100
Questions and answers)
Executive Summary: This comprehensive exam covers all core BIOL 252
topics (blood, cardiovascular [heart and vessels], lymphatic/immunity,
respiratory, digestive, urinary, fluid/electrolyte/acid-base, and reproductive
physiology), emphasizing both theoretical understanding and lab skills (e.g.
structure identification). The blueprint reflects alignment with Portage
Learning learning outcomes: a mix of multiple-choice (60), true/false (12),
short answer (15), matching (2 sets of 5 items), diagram labeling (8 items),
and 3 clinical case essays. Question distribution ensures broad coverage –
e.g., ~10–15 questions each on blood/hemostasis, cardiovascular,
respiratory, and fluid/electrolyte topics, with the remainder on digestive,
urinary, reproductive and immunity. Lab-practical style items include
labeling heart anatomy, lung structures, nephron, etc. The exam emphasizes
key physiology (e.g. gas exchange, hormonal regulation, fluid balance) and
clinical application (e.g. myocardial infarction, COPD, diabetic ketoacidosis).
Exam Blueprint
Multipl Short
e True/ Answ Matchi Labeli Essa Tot
Topic Choice False er ng ng y al
Blood & 5 1 2 – – – 8
Hemostasis
Cardiovascular – 8 1 2 – 2 1 14
Heart
Cardiovascular – 5 1 0 1 – 0 7
Vessels
Lymphatic/ 5 2 1 1 – 0 9
Immunity
Respiratory 8 3 4 – 1 1 17
Digestive 5 1 2 – 1 0 9
Urinary/Acid- 5 3 2 1 1 1 13
Base
Endocrine/Fluid 6 0 1 1 – 0 8
Regulation
Reproductive 5 1 2 – 1 0 9
, Multipl Short
e True/ Answ Matchi Labeli Essa Tot
Topic Choice False er ng ng y al
Total 60 12 15 2×5=1 8 3 100
0
Multiple-Choice Questions (60 items)
1. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood?
A. Transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes
B. Regulation of pH and body temperature
C. Defense against pathogens and coagulation
D. Generation of electrical impulses (action potentials)
Answer: D. Blood does not generate action potentials. Blood’s
functions include transport, regulation, and protection【10†L59-L67】;
producing electrical impulses is a function of nervous tissue, not blood.
2. Typical adult male hematocrit (percentage of blood volume
occupied by RBCs) is approximately:
A. 25–35%
B. 45–55%
C. 60–70%
D. 10–20%
Answer: B. Normal adult male hematocrit is about 41–50%【46†L136-
L140】 (roughly 45–55%). Values in A and D are too low; C (60–70%) is
abnormally high.
3. Which blood type is the universal red blood cell donor?
A. AB+
B. O+
C. AB–
D. O–
Answer: D. O– is the universal donor because O blood has no A/B
antigens and negative Rh, minimizing immune reactions【44†L232-
L240】. (Type O has neither A nor B antigens【44†L278-L286】; the
Rh– form lacks D antigen.)
4. What is the correct sequence of steps in hemostasis after
vessel injury?
A. Vascular spasm → Platelet plug → Coagulation (fibrin clot)
B. Coagulation → Platelet plug → Vascular spasm
C. Platelet plug → Vascular spasm → Coagulation
D. Coagulation → Vascular spasm → Platelet plug
Answer: A. First a vascular spasm constricts the vessel, then platelets
form a temporary plug, and finally the coagulation cascade stabilizes
the clot【10†L190-L196】.
, 5. Sickle cell disease results from a mutation affecting which
molecule?
A. Hemoglobin (β-globin)
B. Spectrin in RBC membrane
C. White blood cell DNA
D. Platelet aggregation proteins
Answer: A. Sickle cell is due to an abnormal β chain of hemoglobin,
causing RBCs to sickle【10†L148-L153】. The other options are
unrelated to this genetic hemoglobinopathy.
6. The P wave on an ECG represents:
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Ventricular depolarization
C. Atrial repolarization
D. Ventricular repolarization
Answer: A. The P wave is atrial depolarization; the QRS complex
represents ventricular depolarization and the T wave ventricular
repolarization.
7. Which component of the cardiac conduction system slows the
impulse to allow ventricular filling?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
Answer: B. The atrioventricular (AV) node introduces about a 0.1s
delay in the impulse before it passes to the ventricles【50†L202-
L210】, allowing the atria to finish contracting.
8. The first heart sound “lub” is caused by:
A. Closure of the AV (mitral and tricuspid) valves at ventricular systole
B. Opening of the semilunar (aortic/pulmonic) valves
C. Closure of the semilunar valves at ventricular diastole
D. Opening of the AV valves
Answer: A. “Lub” is due to the closing of the AV valves (mitral and
tricuspid) at the start of ventricular systole.
9. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of:
A. Heart rate × Stroke volume
B. Heart rate × Blood pressure
C. Stroke volume × Venous return
D. Heart rate × Mean arterial pressure
Answer: A. CO = HR × SV. For example, an increased heart rate or
stroke volume raises cardiac output【55†L88-L96】.
10. Which heart valve has three cusps (leaflets)?
A. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
Physiology II Exam (100
Questions and answers)
Executive Summary: This comprehensive exam covers all core BIOL 252
topics (blood, cardiovascular [heart and vessels], lymphatic/immunity,
respiratory, digestive, urinary, fluid/electrolyte/acid-base, and reproductive
physiology), emphasizing both theoretical understanding and lab skills (e.g.
structure identification). The blueprint reflects alignment with Portage
Learning learning outcomes: a mix of multiple-choice (60), true/false (12),
short answer (15), matching (2 sets of 5 items), diagram labeling (8 items),
and 3 clinical case essays. Question distribution ensures broad coverage –
e.g., ~10–15 questions each on blood/hemostasis, cardiovascular,
respiratory, and fluid/electrolyte topics, with the remainder on digestive,
urinary, reproductive and immunity. Lab-practical style items include
labeling heart anatomy, lung structures, nephron, etc. The exam emphasizes
key physiology (e.g. gas exchange, hormonal regulation, fluid balance) and
clinical application (e.g. myocardial infarction, COPD, diabetic ketoacidosis).
Exam Blueprint
Multipl Short
e True/ Answ Matchi Labeli Essa Tot
Topic Choice False er ng ng y al
Blood & 5 1 2 – – – 8
Hemostasis
Cardiovascular – 8 1 2 – 2 1 14
Heart
Cardiovascular – 5 1 0 1 – 0 7
Vessels
Lymphatic/ 5 2 1 1 – 0 9
Immunity
Respiratory 8 3 4 – 1 1 17
Digestive 5 1 2 – 1 0 9
Urinary/Acid- 5 3 2 1 1 1 13
Base
Endocrine/Fluid 6 0 1 1 – 0 8
Regulation
Reproductive 5 1 2 – 1 0 9
, Multipl Short
e True/ Answ Matchi Labeli Essa Tot
Topic Choice False er ng ng y al
Total 60 12 15 2×5=1 8 3 100
0
Multiple-Choice Questions (60 items)
1. Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood?
A. Transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes
B. Regulation of pH and body temperature
C. Defense against pathogens and coagulation
D. Generation of electrical impulses (action potentials)
Answer: D. Blood does not generate action potentials. Blood’s
functions include transport, regulation, and protection【10†L59-L67】;
producing electrical impulses is a function of nervous tissue, not blood.
2. Typical adult male hematocrit (percentage of blood volume
occupied by RBCs) is approximately:
A. 25–35%
B. 45–55%
C. 60–70%
D. 10–20%
Answer: B. Normal adult male hematocrit is about 41–50%【46†L136-
L140】 (roughly 45–55%). Values in A and D are too low; C (60–70%) is
abnormally high.
3. Which blood type is the universal red blood cell donor?
A. AB+
B. O+
C. AB–
D. O–
Answer: D. O– is the universal donor because O blood has no A/B
antigens and negative Rh, minimizing immune reactions【44†L232-
L240】. (Type O has neither A nor B antigens【44†L278-L286】; the
Rh– form lacks D antigen.)
4. What is the correct sequence of steps in hemostasis after
vessel injury?
A. Vascular spasm → Platelet plug → Coagulation (fibrin clot)
B. Coagulation → Platelet plug → Vascular spasm
C. Platelet plug → Vascular spasm → Coagulation
D. Coagulation → Vascular spasm → Platelet plug
Answer: A. First a vascular spasm constricts the vessel, then platelets
form a temporary plug, and finally the coagulation cascade stabilizes
the clot【10†L190-L196】.
, 5. Sickle cell disease results from a mutation affecting which
molecule?
A. Hemoglobin (β-globin)
B. Spectrin in RBC membrane
C. White blood cell DNA
D. Platelet aggregation proteins
Answer: A. Sickle cell is due to an abnormal β chain of hemoglobin,
causing RBCs to sickle【10†L148-L153】. The other options are
unrelated to this genetic hemoglobinopathy.
6. The P wave on an ECG represents:
A. Atrial depolarization
B. Ventricular depolarization
C. Atrial repolarization
D. Ventricular repolarization
Answer: A. The P wave is atrial depolarization; the QRS complex
represents ventricular depolarization and the T wave ventricular
repolarization.
7. Which component of the cardiac conduction system slows the
impulse to allow ventricular filling?
A. SA node
B. AV node
C. Purkinje fibers
D. Bundle of His
Answer: B. The atrioventricular (AV) node introduces about a 0.1s
delay in the impulse before it passes to the ventricles【50†L202-
L210】, allowing the atria to finish contracting.
8. The first heart sound “lub” is caused by:
A. Closure of the AV (mitral and tricuspid) valves at ventricular systole
B. Opening of the semilunar (aortic/pulmonic) valves
C. Closure of the semilunar valves at ventricular diastole
D. Opening of the AV valves
Answer: A. “Lub” is due to the closing of the AV valves (mitral and
tricuspid) at the start of ventricular systole.
9. Cardiac output (CO) is the product of:
A. Heart rate × Stroke volume
B. Heart rate × Blood pressure
C. Stroke volume × Venous return
D. Heart rate × Mean arterial pressure
Answer: A. CO = HR × SV. For example, an increased heart rate or
stroke volume raises cardiac output【55†L88-L96】.
10. Which heart valve has three cusps (leaflets)?
A. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
