NUR 160 2 HONDROS FINAL TEST
2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Giddens: Ch 8 - Fluid and Electrolytes.
Answer: * Fluid is water plus the substances dissolved and suspended in it.
Important characteristics of fluid are its volume (amount) and its degree of
concentration (osmolality), which are discussed in this chapter. Another
important characteristic of body fluid is its pH* Electrolytes are substances
that are charged particles (ions) when they are placed in water. Examples of
electrolytes are sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions
(Ca2+), and magnesium ions (Mg2+)* All body fluids contain electrolytes;
body fluids in different locations normally contain different concentrations
of electrolytes that are necessary for optimal function* The maintenance of
physiological balance of body fluid and electrolytes is a dynamic interplay
between three processes: intake and absorption, distribution, and output---
Intake and absorption refers to the addition of fluid and electrolytes to the
body (intake) and their movement into the blood (absorption)--- Distribution
is the process of moving fluid and electrolytes between the various body
fluid compartments; include those inside the cells (holding intracellular
fluid) and those outside the cells (holding extracellular fluid)--- Output is the
removal of fluid and electrolytes from the body through normal or abnormal
routes* The primary problems are imbalance of fluids and imbalance of
electrolytes. The term imbalance is often used to indicate disrupted fluid or
electrolyte balance. Fluid imbalances can reflect imbalance of fluid volume
or imbalance of fluid concentration--- Extracellular Fluid Volume
Imbalances: abnormal amounts of fluid in the extracellular compartment
(vascular plus interstitial); 2 types = ECV deficit (too little Na+) and ECV
excess (too much Na+)--- Osmolality Imbalances: changes in the degree of
, concentration of body fluid; can occur alone or with ECV imbalances; 2
types = hypernatremia (increased serum Na+ concentration; indicates that
body fluids are too concentrated, osmolality is too high) and hyponatremia
(decreased serum Na+ concentration; indicates that body fluids are too
dilute, osmolality is too low)***** Symptoms of Fluid/Electrolyte
Imbalance[ Red Flags ] history of vomiting, diarrhea, organ failure (kidney.
heart. liver), unexplained nausea, fatigue, dizziness, SOB, muscle cramping,
edema, sudden changes in weight
◍ Hyponatremia.
Answer: low sodium in the blood <135Causes: diaphoresis, diarrhea, drains,
diuretics, NPO, low sodium diets, CHF
◍ hyponatremia s/s.
Answer: S = stupor/comaA = anorexia (n/v)L = lethargy
(weakness/fatigue)T = tachycardia / tendon reflexes (decreased)L = limp
muscle (weakness)O = orthostatic hypotension S = seizures/headachesS =
stomach cramping
◍ dehiscence.
Answer: Separation of a surgical incision
◍ aterial blood gases.
Answer: ABGs
◍ Serous Drainage.
Answer: clear, watery fluid
◍ Stage 1 pressure ulcer.
Answer: non blanch able
◍ how acidic or alkaline it is.
Answer: ph blood measures
◍ stage 2 pressure ulcer.
Answer: partial thickness skin loss
◍ stage 3 pressure ulcer.
, Answer: full thickness skin loss
◍ 7.35-7.45.
Answer: normal blood pH
◍ carbon dioxide in blood.
Answer: PCO2 measures
◍ 35-45 mmHg.
Answer: PCO2 normal range
◍ stage 4 pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness skin loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
◍ deep tissue injury.
Answer: caused by underlying soft tissue damage from pressure/shear area
maybe: painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warm, cool compared to surrounding
tissue; wound is covered with thin eschar
◍ unstageable pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered
by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or
black) in the wound bed
◍ bicarbonate in blood.
Answer: HCO3 measures
◍ Signs and symptoms of infection/sepsis.
Answer: systolic <100, elevated WBC (5000-10,000), high HR, high temp,
decreased urine output, altered mental status(AMS, confusion)
◍ More prone to infections:.
Answer: infants, elderly, immunocompromised(hiv, ra, aids, chemotherapy)
◍ 22-26 mEq/L.
Answer: normal HCO3
◍ Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal.
Answer: What does ROME stand for?
2026 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Giddens: Ch 8 - Fluid and Electrolytes.
Answer: * Fluid is water plus the substances dissolved and suspended in it.
Important characteristics of fluid are its volume (amount) and its degree of
concentration (osmolality), which are discussed in this chapter. Another
important characteristic of body fluid is its pH* Electrolytes are substances
that are charged particles (ions) when they are placed in water. Examples of
electrolytes are sodium ions (Na+), potassium ions (K+), calcium ions
(Ca2+), and magnesium ions (Mg2+)* All body fluids contain electrolytes;
body fluids in different locations normally contain different concentrations
of electrolytes that are necessary for optimal function* The maintenance of
physiological balance of body fluid and electrolytes is a dynamic interplay
between three processes: intake and absorption, distribution, and output---
Intake and absorption refers to the addition of fluid and electrolytes to the
body (intake) and their movement into the blood (absorption)--- Distribution
is the process of moving fluid and electrolytes between the various body
fluid compartments; include those inside the cells (holding intracellular
fluid) and those outside the cells (holding extracellular fluid)--- Output is the
removal of fluid and electrolytes from the body through normal or abnormal
routes* The primary problems are imbalance of fluids and imbalance of
electrolytes. The term imbalance is often used to indicate disrupted fluid or
electrolyte balance. Fluid imbalances can reflect imbalance of fluid volume
or imbalance of fluid concentration--- Extracellular Fluid Volume
Imbalances: abnormal amounts of fluid in the extracellular compartment
(vascular plus interstitial); 2 types = ECV deficit (too little Na+) and ECV
excess (too much Na+)--- Osmolality Imbalances: changes in the degree of
, concentration of body fluid; can occur alone or with ECV imbalances; 2
types = hypernatremia (increased serum Na+ concentration; indicates that
body fluids are too concentrated, osmolality is too high) and hyponatremia
(decreased serum Na+ concentration; indicates that body fluids are too
dilute, osmolality is too low)***** Symptoms of Fluid/Electrolyte
Imbalance[ Red Flags ] history of vomiting, diarrhea, organ failure (kidney.
heart. liver), unexplained nausea, fatigue, dizziness, SOB, muscle cramping,
edema, sudden changes in weight
◍ Hyponatremia.
Answer: low sodium in the blood <135Causes: diaphoresis, diarrhea, drains,
diuretics, NPO, low sodium diets, CHF
◍ hyponatremia s/s.
Answer: S = stupor/comaA = anorexia (n/v)L = lethargy
(weakness/fatigue)T = tachycardia / tendon reflexes (decreased)L = limp
muscle (weakness)O = orthostatic hypotension S = seizures/headachesS =
stomach cramping
◍ dehiscence.
Answer: Separation of a surgical incision
◍ aterial blood gases.
Answer: ABGs
◍ Serous Drainage.
Answer: clear, watery fluid
◍ Stage 1 pressure ulcer.
Answer: non blanch able
◍ how acidic or alkaline it is.
Answer: ph blood measures
◍ stage 2 pressure ulcer.
Answer: partial thickness skin loss
◍ stage 3 pressure ulcer.
, Answer: full thickness skin loss
◍ 7.35-7.45.
Answer: normal blood pH
◍ carbon dioxide in blood.
Answer: PCO2 measures
◍ 35-45 mmHg.
Answer: PCO2 normal range
◍ stage 4 pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness skin loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon
◍ deep tissue injury.
Answer: caused by underlying soft tissue damage from pressure/shear area
maybe: painful, firm, mushy, boggy, warm, cool compared to surrounding
tissue; wound is covered with thin eschar
◍ unstageable pressure ulcer.
Answer: Full thickness tissue loss in which the base of the ulcer is covered
by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or eschar (tan, brown or
black) in the wound bed
◍ bicarbonate in blood.
Answer: HCO3 measures
◍ Signs and symptoms of infection/sepsis.
Answer: systolic <100, elevated WBC (5000-10,000), high HR, high temp,
decreased urine output, altered mental status(AMS, confusion)
◍ More prone to infections:.
Answer: infants, elderly, immunocompromised(hiv, ra, aids, chemotherapy)
◍ 22-26 mEq/L.
Answer: normal HCO3
◍ Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal.
Answer: What does ROME stand for?
