Phm 819 module 4 Newest 2025/2026 ActuAl exAm comPlete
All QuestioNs ANd correct detAiled ANswers (Verified
ANswers) |AlreAdy GrAded A+
What is the main excretory route for the majority of drugs? (a) What are the other minor routes
of excretion? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) Renal
(b) Fecal/Hepatic, Pulmonary, Sweat, Tears, Hair, Nails, Eggs, Milk, Saliva
How much of the systemic blood flow is supplied to the kidneys? (a) What does this help
ensure? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) 25%
(b) Ensures the kidneys are continuously exposed to drug
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? - DETAILED ANSWER -Nephron
Renal secretion depends on the balance of what factors? (a) Where are the locations of each
factor? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption (a)
(b) Filtration = glomerulus
Secretion = proximal tubule
,Reabsorption = distal tubule
Where does the blood enter (a) and exit (b) prior to and after filtration at the glomerulus? How
much of the blood becomes filtrate? (c) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) Afferent arteriole (b)
Efferent arteriole
(c) 20% (80% distributed to peritubular capillaries)
Describe factors that affect the rate of filtration at the glomerulus - DETAILED ANSWER --
Blood flow (increase flow = increase filtration)
-Extent of plasma-protein binding (only free, unbound drug can bind)
-Charge of chemical (negatively charged drugs cannot be filtered)
-Glomerular Filtration Rate (20% of blood reaching glomerulus actually becomes filtrate)
-Size of chemical (all chemical can be filtered for molecules of up to 5000 daltons in size)
Why does plasma-protein bound drug affect the rate of filtration? - DETAILED ANSWER -
Plama proteins are too large to filter at the glomerulus, so only the free drug can filter at the
glomerulus.
What does it mean if we see plasma protein (such as albumin) in someone's urine? - DETAILED
ANSWER -It means that there is renal dysfunction at the glomerulus, as plasma proteins are
normally too large to fit through the glomerulus.
, What substances are found in the urine of a healthy person without renal issues? - DETAILED
ANSWER -Water, solutes (sodium/chloride, potassium, bicarbonate) amino acids, urea,
creatinine, and other excreted waste products
Why is filtrate production rate different than the production rate of urine? - DETAILED
ANSWER -Of the blood that is filtered at the glomerulus, about 20% of it is actually produced
to make filtrate. For the average person with blood flow to kidney at 650 mL/min, this is 125
mL/min for the GFR. Due to the body wanting to reabsorb as much water as possible to prevent
dehydration, urine production is much smaller (about 1 mL of urine/min).
How is water of excretion in the urine regulated by the body? - DETAILED ANSWER -There are
two hormones that help regulate the amount of water excreted via urine in the body.
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to regulate the rate of water excretion (water reabsorption
can be "fine tuned" at the distal tubules)
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin increases water reabsorption at the collecting
ducts
Describe filtration at the glomerulus. - DETAILED ANSWER -It is the structure that
encapsulates the capillaries of the glomerulus where filtration occurs is Bowman's capsule. It is
composed of specialized endothelial cells (podocytes) that have negatively charged foot
processes that wrap around the capillaries (composed of anionic amino acids, sialic acid
residues, and proteoglycans). The fenestrations of the glomerulus capillaries allows filtration at
the podocytes into the Bowman's capsule. Negatively charged chemicals are repelled at the
All QuestioNs ANd correct detAiled ANswers (Verified
ANswers) |AlreAdy GrAded A+
What is the main excretory route for the majority of drugs? (a) What are the other minor routes
of excretion? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) Renal
(b) Fecal/Hepatic, Pulmonary, Sweat, Tears, Hair, Nails, Eggs, Milk, Saliva
How much of the systemic blood flow is supplied to the kidneys? (a) What does this help
ensure? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) 25%
(b) Ensures the kidneys are continuously exposed to drug
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? - DETAILED ANSWER -Nephron
Renal secretion depends on the balance of what factors? (a) Where are the locations of each
factor? (b) - DETAILED ANSWER -Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption (a)
(b) Filtration = glomerulus
Secretion = proximal tubule
,Reabsorption = distal tubule
Where does the blood enter (a) and exit (b) prior to and after filtration at the glomerulus? How
much of the blood becomes filtrate? (c) - DETAILED ANSWER -(a) Afferent arteriole (b)
Efferent arteriole
(c) 20% (80% distributed to peritubular capillaries)
Describe factors that affect the rate of filtration at the glomerulus - DETAILED ANSWER --
Blood flow (increase flow = increase filtration)
-Extent of plasma-protein binding (only free, unbound drug can bind)
-Charge of chemical (negatively charged drugs cannot be filtered)
-Glomerular Filtration Rate (20% of blood reaching glomerulus actually becomes filtrate)
-Size of chemical (all chemical can be filtered for molecules of up to 5000 daltons in size)
Why does plasma-protein bound drug affect the rate of filtration? - DETAILED ANSWER -
Plama proteins are too large to filter at the glomerulus, so only the free drug can filter at the
glomerulus.
What does it mean if we see plasma protein (such as albumin) in someone's urine? - DETAILED
ANSWER -It means that there is renal dysfunction at the glomerulus, as plasma proteins are
normally too large to fit through the glomerulus.
, What substances are found in the urine of a healthy person without renal issues? - DETAILED
ANSWER -Water, solutes (sodium/chloride, potassium, bicarbonate) amino acids, urea,
creatinine, and other excreted waste products
Why is filtrate production rate different than the production rate of urine? - DETAILED
ANSWER -Of the blood that is filtered at the glomerulus, about 20% of it is actually produced
to make filtrate. For the average person with blood flow to kidney at 650 mL/min, this is 125
mL/min for the GFR. Due to the body wanting to reabsorb as much water as possible to prevent
dehydration, urine production is much smaller (about 1 mL of urine/min).
How is water of excretion in the urine regulated by the body? - DETAILED ANSWER -There are
two hormones that help regulate the amount of water excreted via urine in the body.
Aldosterone acts on the distal tubule to regulate the rate of water excretion (water reabsorption
can be "fine tuned" at the distal tubules)
Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin increases water reabsorption at the collecting
ducts
Describe filtration at the glomerulus. - DETAILED ANSWER -It is the structure that
encapsulates the capillaries of the glomerulus where filtration occurs is Bowman's capsule. It is
composed of specialized endothelial cells (podocytes) that have negatively charged foot
processes that wrap around the capillaries (composed of anionic amino acids, sialic acid
residues, and proteoglycans). The fenestrations of the glomerulus capillaries allows filtration at
the podocytes into the Bowman's capsule. Negatively charged chemicals are repelled at the
