NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2
Questions And Answers| Latest Update- UTA
Alloimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ✔✔When an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species Blood
transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, chills, low back pain,
dark urine, hives, itching, SOB
Rh incompatibility- hemolytic disease of newborn with jaundice, give Rhogam within 72
hours of birth (Rh- mother with Rh+ child)
Autoimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ✔✔A breakdown of tolerance in
which the bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against thyroid cells- bind to thyroid cells and
mimic action of TSH, increases secretion of thyroxine
Myasthenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine bind to the post synaptic
receptors and inhibit synaptic transmission of acetylcholine. Leads to muscle weakness
and paralysis (mind to ground)
Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind with myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous
system, triggering the immune response. Causes demyelination of the peripheral nerves
and a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
Type III hypersensitivity - ✔✔Widespread immune and inflammatory response not specified
for any cell or tissue. SLE, RA
Antibodies are formed against and bind to circulating antigens, antigen-antibody
complex deposits in vessel walls or tissue. Causes cellular and tissue damage. IgG and
IgM response, spread via circulation- not specific to a cell or tissue- widespread
damage.
Type IV hypersensitivity - ✔✔T-cell lymphocyte mediated reaction that does not require
antibody activation. Delayed response- 24-72 hours.
Contact dermatitis- poison ivy, topical drugs, chemicals such as nickel or formaldehyde.
Antigens too small to cause a reaction bind to proteins, response includes rash, red
bumps, itching, and blisters.
Reactive tuberculin test- PPD cause and induration in 24-72 if person was previously
exposed to tuberculin antigen
Solid organ transplant rejection- 11-14 days after 1st exposure, 5-6 days after 2nd
exposure, results in mononuclear infiltration, decreased circulation, and tissue necrosis.
cytokines - ✔✔Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
, Leukotrienes - ✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Target of
inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Chemotactic factors - ✔✔Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
Neutrophils - ✔✔Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔✔Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for
presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔✔Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also
increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔✔Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔✔Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins by
liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔✔can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ✔✔Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ✔✔Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood
flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokine growth factor function - ✔✔Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement - ✔✔Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
Questions And Answers| Latest Update- UTA
Alloimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ✔✔When an individuals immune system
reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species Blood
transfusions- causes clumping and lysis of RBC- fever, nausea, chills, low back pain,
dark urine, hives, itching, SOB
Rh incompatibility- hemolytic disease of newborn with jaundice, give Rhogam within 72
hours of birth (Rh- mother with Rh+ child)
Autoimmunity and example of hypersensitivity - ✔✔A breakdown of tolerance in
which the bodies immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign.
Graves Disease- autoantibodies form against thyroid cells- bind to thyroid cells and
mimic action of TSH, increases secretion of thyroxine
Myasthenia Gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine bind to the post synaptic
receptors and inhibit synaptic transmission of acetylcholine. Leads to muscle weakness
and paralysis (mind to ground)
Guillain-Barre' syndrome- antibodies bind with myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous
system, triggering the immune response. Causes demyelination of the peripheral nerves
and a rapidly progressive, ascending paralysis (ground to brain)
Type III hypersensitivity - ✔✔Widespread immune and inflammatory response not specified
for any cell or tissue. SLE, RA
Antibodies are formed against and bind to circulating antigens, antigen-antibody
complex deposits in vessel walls or tissue. Causes cellular and tissue damage. IgG and
IgM response, spread via circulation- not specific to a cell or tissue- widespread
damage.
Type IV hypersensitivity - ✔✔T-cell lymphocyte mediated reaction that does not require
antibody activation. Delayed response- 24-72 hours.
Contact dermatitis- poison ivy, topical drugs, chemicals such as nickel or formaldehyde.
Antigens too small to cause a reaction bind to proteins, response includes rash, red
bumps, itching, and blisters.
Reactive tuberculin test- PPD cause and induration in 24-72 if person was previously
exposed to tuberculin antigen
Solid organ transplant rejection- 11-14 days after 1st exposure, 5-6 days after 2nd
exposure, results in mononuclear infiltration, decreased circulation, and tissue necrosis.
cytokines - ✔✔Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-
inflammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
, Leukotrienes - ✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils. Target of
inhibition for singular.
Prostaglandins - ✔✔Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain, and
fever.
Chemotactic factors - ✔✔Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site of
inflammation
Neutrophils - ✔✔Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute inflammation
Monocytes - ✔✔Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for
presenting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
Cytokine IL1 function - ✔✔Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and also
increases the release of IL6a
Cytokine IL6 function - ✔✔Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
Cytokine TNF function - ✔✔Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory proteins by
liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay) - ✔✔can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99% accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
Mast cell - ✔✔Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tissue close to blood
vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
Histamine - ✔✔Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases blood
flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
Cytokine growth factor function - ✔✔Promotes production and maturation of neutrophils
Complement - ✔✔Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
