CREST 345 CPSA EXAN 2026
LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
MAC address - ANS-A Media Access Control address is a hardware address that
uniquely identifies each node on a network. Traditional MAC addresses are 12-
digit (6 bytes, or 48 bits) hexadecimal numbers.
Network Architectures - ANS-The design of a computer network; includes both
physical and logical design.
10BaseT - ANS-LAN (Ethernet) 10 Mbps.
100BaseT - ANS-"Fast Ethernet" 100 Mbps.
1000BaseT - ANS-Gigabit Ethernet 1 GB.
Wireless Network - ANS-Any type of computer network that is not connected by
cables of any kind.
Shared Media LAN - ANS-LAN that shares total bandwidth with all stations.
Switched Media LAN - ANS-LAN with bandwidth shared between sender and
receiver (Predicated Paths).
Netcraft - ANS-Company that tracks web statistics, used to fingerprint web
servers.
WHOIS - ANS-A public Internet database that contains information about Internet
domain names and the people or organizations that registered the domains.
Egress filtering - ANS-Filtering outbound traffic.
Ingress Filtering - ANS-Filtering inbound traffic.
DNS Record Types - ANS-SOA- Start of Auth Record; MX- Mail Exchange; TXT-
Text Record; A- Address (IPv4); AAAA- Address (IPv6); NS - Name Server; PTR -
Pointer Record; HINFO - Description of computer / OS; CNAME - Canonical Name.
,Start of Authority (SOA) Record - ANS-Every zone file must include a record to
identify the name server that's primarily responsible for the database segments it
manages.
Mail Exchanger (MX) Record - ANS-A record used by e-mail servers for determining
the host names of servers responsible for handling a domain's incoming e-mail.
A / AAAA Record - ANS-IP Address.
Name Server (NS) Record - ANS-Announces the authoritative name servers for a
particular zone who will answer queries for their supported zone.
Pointer Record (PTR) - ANS-A record that points IP addresses/Canonical to host
names. See also Reverse Lookup Zone.
Network Protocols - ANS-ARP, DHCP, CDP, HSRP, VRRP, VTP, STP, TACACS.
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) - ANS-A Cisco proprietary Layer 2 protocol to
gather information about neighboring Cisco devices.
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) - ANS-This is exclusive to Cisco and allows a
default router address to be configured to be used in the event that the primary
router fails.
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) - ANS-A standard that assigns a virtual
IP address to a group of routers.
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) - ANS-Cisco's protocol for exchanging VLAN
information over trunks.
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) - ANS-A Layer 2 protocol that is used for routing and
prevents network loops by adopting a dynamic routing method.
WEP - ANS-Wired Equivalent Privacy.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - ANS-An IEEE 802.11 security protocol designed
to ensure that only authorized parties can view transmitted wireless information.
WPA - ANS-Wireless Protected Access.
Wireless Protected Access (WPA) - ANS-The 802.11 security method created as a
stopgap between WEP and 802.11i
, EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) - ANS-A protocol that enables systems to
use hardware-based identifiers, such as fingerprint scanners or smart card
readers, for authentication.
LEAP - ANS-Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
PEAP - ANS-Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
nbtstat - ANS-A Windows utility that is used to view and manage NetBIOS name
cache information.
Global Catalog Server - ANS-A domain controller that holds a subset of the
information in all domain partitions for the entire Active Directory forest.
Master Browser - ANS-Present on every subnet. Needed for a routed TCP/IP
network
FSMO - ANS-Flexible Single Master Operations
Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) Roles - ANS-Also known as operations
master roles, these are servers that provide certain functions that can only be
handled by one domain controller at a time.
LANMAN hash - ANS-The original hash used to store Windows passwords, known
as LM hash, based off the DES algorithm. (Legacy)
NTLM - ANS-New Technology LAN Manager
NTLMv2 - ANS-NTLMv2 was developed in response to attacks against the LM
authentication protocol. It uses the MD5 password hash algorithm.
NTLM Hash - ANS-Successor to the LM hash. A more advanced hash used to
store Windows passwords, based off the RC4 algorithm.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - ANS-A link-state routing protocol used on IP
networks.
Static Routing - ANS-A type of routing used by a network administrator to
manually specify the mappings in the routing table.
Dynamic Routing - ANS-Allows a router to determine the best route between two
nodes automatically and then store this information in a routing table.
Port 1 - ANS-TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
Port 5 - ANS-Remote Job Entry (RJE)
LATEST UPDATE QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
MAC address - ANS-A Media Access Control address is a hardware address that
uniquely identifies each node on a network. Traditional MAC addresses are 12-
digit (6 bytes, or 48 bits) hexadecimal numbers.
Network Architectures - ANS-The design of a computer network; includes both
physical and logical design.
10BaseT - ANS-LAN (Ethernet) 10 Mbps.
100BaseT - ANS-"Fast Ethernet" 100 Mbps.
1000BaseT - ANS-Gigabit Ethernet 1 GB.
Wireless Network - ANS-Any type of computer network that is not connected by
cables of any kind.
Shared Media LAN - ANS-LAN that shares total bandwidth with all stations.
Switched Media LAN - ANS-LAN with bandwidth shared between sender and
receiver (Predicated Paths).
Netcraft - ANS-Company that tracks web statistics, used to fingerprint web
servers.
WHOIS - ANS-A public Internet database that contains information about Internet
domain names and the people or organizations that registered the domains.
Egress filtering - ANS-Filtering outbound traffic.
Ingress Filtering - ANS-Filtering inbound traffic.
DNS Record Types - ANS-SOA- Start of Auth Record; MX- Mail Exchange; TXT-
Text Record; A- Address (IPv4); AAAA- Address (IPv6); NS - Name Server; PTR -
Pointer Record; HINFO - Description of computer / OS; CNAME - Canonical Name.
,Start of Authority (SOA) Record - ANS-Every zone file must include a record to
identify the name server that's primarily responsible for the database segments it
manages.
Mail Exchanger (MX) Record - ANS-A record used by e-mail servers for determining
the host names of servers responsible for handling a domain's incoming e-mail.
A / AAAA Record - ANS-IP Address.
Name Server (NS) Record - ANS-Announces the authoritative name servers for a
particular zone who will answer queries for their supported zone.
Pointer Record (PTR) - ANS-A record that points IP addresses/Canonical to host
names. See also Reverse Lookup Zone.
Network Protocols - ANS-ARP, DHCP, CDP, HSRP, VRRP, VTP, STP, TACACS.
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) - ANS-A Cisco proprietary Layer 2 protocol to
gather information about neighboring Cisco devices.
HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) - ANS-This is exclusive to Cisco and allows a
default router address to be configured to be used in the event that the primary
router fails.
VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) - ANS-A standard that assigns a virtual
IP address to a group of routers.
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) - ANS-Cisco's protocol for exchanging VLAN
information over trunks.
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) - ANS-A Layer 2 protocol that is used for routing and
prevents network loops by adopting a dynamic routing method.
WEP - ANS-Wired Equivalent Privacy.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) - ANS-An IEEE 802.11 security protocol designed
to ensure that only authorized parties can view transmitted wireless information.
WPA - ANS-Wireless Protected Access.
Wireless Protected Access (WPA) - ANS-The 802.11 security method created as a
stopgap between WEP and 802.11i
, EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) - ANS-A protocol that enables systems to
use hardware-based identifiers, such as fingerprint scanners or smart card
readers, for authentication.
LEAP - ANS-Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol
PEAP - ANS-Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
nbtstat - ANS-A Windows utility that is used to view and manage NetBIOS name
cache information.
Global Catalog Server - ANS-A domain controller that holds a subset of the
information in all domain partitions for the entire Active Directory forest.
Master Browser - ANS-Present on every subnet. Needed for a routed TCP/IP
network
FSMO - ANS-Flexible Single Master Operations
Flexible Single Master Operations (FSMO) Roles - ANS-Also known as operations
master roles, these are servers that provide certain functions that can only be
handled by one domain controller at a time.
LANMAN hash - ANS-The original hash used to store Windows passwords, known
as LM hash, based off the DES algorithm. (Legacy)
NTLM - ANS-New Technology LAN Manager
NTLMv2 - ANS-NTLMv2 was developed in response to attacks against the LM
authentication protocol. It uses the MD5 password hash algorithm.
NTLM Hash - ANS-Successor to the LM hash. A more advanced hash used to
store Windows passwords, based off the RC4 algorithm.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) - ANS-A link-state routing protocol used on IP
networks.
Static Routing - ANS-A type of routing used by a network administrator to
manually specify the mappings in the routing table.
Dynamic Routing - ANS-Allows a router to determine the best route between two
nodes automatically and then store this information in a routing table.
Port 1 - ANS-TCP Port Service Multiplexer (TCPMUX)
Port 5 - ANS-Remote Job Entry (RJE)
