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Medical-Surgical Nursing Concepts,
Exam 2 Review Practice Q&A 2026
Updated Brand New
Acute Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWEROccurs suddenly, often due to
airway obstruction, pulmonary embolism, or acute respiratory distress.
Symptoms include anxiety, cyanosis, tachycardia, increased respiratory
rate, and confusion.
Chronic Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERGradual onset, commonly
seen in conditions like COPD. Symptoms include clubbing of fingers,
barrel chest, fatigue, and polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism.
Early Symptoms of Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERRestlessness,
anxiety, tachypnea, tachycardia.
Late Symptoms of Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERCyanosis, altered
mental status, hypotension.
Sedatives/Opioids -VERIFIED ANSWERDepress CNS, reduce
respiratory drive.
Beta-blockers -VERIFIED ANSWERDecrease cardiac output, reduce
tissue perfusion; use cautiously in patients with bronchospasm.
Hypokalemia -VERIFIED ANSWERCauses muscle cramps, fatigue,
arrhythmias, flat T waves.
Hyperkalemia -VERIFIED ANSWERWeakness, tall peaked T waves,
bradycardia, cardiac arrest if severe.
, Page 2 of 8
Digoxin -VERIFIED ANSWERIncreases myocardial contractility; low
potassium increases toxicity risk (e.g., visual disturbances, bradycardia).
Loop Diuretics -VERIFIED ANSWERPromote potassium excretion;
monitor for hypokalemia.
RBC Pathophysiology -VERIFIED ANSWERErythrocytes are
produced in bone marrow; regulated by erythropoietin from the kidneys.
They transport oxygen via hemoglobin and survive about 120 days.
Kidney Function -VERIFIED ANSWERPrimary roles: Filtration,
fluid/electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation (RAAS),
erythropoietin production.
Beta-Blockers: MOA -VERIFIED ANSWERBlock beta-adrenergic
receptors, lowering HR and BP.
Beta-Blockers: Contraindications -VERIFIED ANSWERAsthma (can
cause bronchospasm), bradycardia, heart block.
Iron-deficiency Diet -VERIFIED ANSWERMeat, leafy greens,
legumes.
Pernicious Anemia Diet -VERIFIED ANSWERB12-rich foods,
fortified cereals, and IM B12 injections if absorption is impaired.
Heart Anatomy & Function -VERIFIED ANSWERBlood flow: RA →
tricuspid → RV → pulmonary artery → lungs → LA → mitral → LV →
aorta → body. Valves ensure unidirectional flow and prevent backflow.
Labs for Anemia -VERIFIED ANSWERCBC: Low Hgb/Hct. Iron-
deficiency: Low serum iron, ferritin; high TIBC. B12/folate anemia:
Low serum levels.
Medical-Surgical Nursing Concepts,
Exam 2 Review Practice Q&A 2026
Updated Brand New
Acute Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWEROccurs suddenly, often due to
airway obstruction, pulmonary embolism, or acute respiratory distress.
Symptoms include anxiety, cyanosis, tachycardia, increased respiratory
rate, and confusion.
Chronic Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERGradual onset, commonly
seen in conditions like COPD. Symptoms include clubbing of fingers,
barrel chest, fatigue, and polycythemia as a compensatory mechanism.
Early Symptoms of Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERRestlessness,
anxiety, tachypnea, tachycardia.
Late Symptoms of Hypoxia -VERIFIED ANSWERCyanosis, altered
mental status, hypotension.
Sedatives/Opioids -VERIFIED ANSWERDepress CNS, reduce
respiratory drive.
Beta-blockers -VERIFIED ANSWERDecrease cardiac output, reduce
tissue perfusion; use cautiously in patients with bronchospasm.
Hypokalemia -VERIFIED ANSWERCauses muscle cramps, fatigue,
arrhythmias, flat T waves.
Hyperkalemia -VERIFIED ANSWERWeakness, tall peaked T waves,
bradycardia, cardiac arrest if severe.
, Page 2 of 8
Digoxin -VERIFIED ANSWERIncreases myocardial contractility; low
potassium increases toxicity risk (e.g., visual disturbances, bradycardia).
Loop Diuretics -VERIFIED ANSWERPromote potassium excretion;
monitor for hypokalemia.
RBC Pathophysiology -VERIFIED ANSWERErythrocytes are
produced in bone marrow; regulated by erythropoietin from the kidneys.
They transport oxygen via hemoglobin and survive about 120 days.
Kidney Function -VERIFIED ANSWERPrimary roles: Filtration,
fluid/electrolyte balance, blood pressure regulation (RAAS),
erythropoietin production.
Beta-Blockers: MOA -VERIFIED ANSWERBlock beta-adrenergic
receptors, lowering HR and BP.
Beta-Blockers: Contraindications -VERIFIED ANSWERAsthma (can
cause bronchospasm), bradycardia, heart block.
Iron-deficiency Diet -VERIFIED ANSWERMeat, leafy greens,
legumes.
Pernicious Anemia Diet -VERIFIED ANSWERB12-rich foods,
fortified cereals, and IM B12 injections if absorption is impaired.
Heart Anatomy & Function -VERIFIED ANSWERBlood flow: RA →
tricuspid → RV → pulmonary artery → lungs → LA → mitral → LV →
aorta → body. Valves ensure unidirectional flow and prevent backflow.
Labs for Anemia -VERIFIED ANSWERCBC: Low Hgb/Hct. Iron-
deficiency: Low serum iron, ferritin; high TIBC. B12/folate anemia:
Low serum levels.
