PORTAGE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 | LATEST 2026 EXPERT CERTIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS I [GRADED A+
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. ✔️There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many
manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more
generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen? ✔️adaptive immunity
What are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response? ✔️lymphocytes
T lymphocytes produce what type of immunity? ✔️cell-mediated (adaptive)
Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus? ✔️IgM (think M for mother)
Which cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body? ✔️neutrophils
Which feature is NOT of innate immunity? ✔️microbe recognition is specific (remember: innate immunity is non-specific)
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the pollen count is high. (1)
Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms. (2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her
symptoms? ✔️(1) Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in the development of type I reactions because they contain the
chemical mediator histamine. A primary or initial-phase response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. A secondary
or late-phase response is characterized by more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells,
as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment.
Following a heart attack, the area of heart muscle that has undergone necrosis because of lack of blood supply will heal by scar tissue
replacement. ✔️true
Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a classic manifestation of acute inflammation with its corresponding cause? ✔️Know the
following correct pairings:
Rubor- vasodilation
Dolor- pain
Calor- increased blood flow
Tumor- exudation of fluid and cells into extravascular tissues
Functio laesa- loss of function
True/False:
B cells are primarily associated with humoral immunity. ✔️true
True/False:
T cells mature in the thymus and are active in cellular immunity. ✔️true
True/False:
Passive immunity provides long lasting protection. ✔️true
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are _____ mediated reactions. ✔️antibody
Which cell does NOT play an important role in type I hypersensitivity reactions? ✔️CD4 T cells
Which is NOT a type of type II hypersensitivity reaction? ✔️antigen-mediated cellular inflammation
*options are tricky with this one, make sure you really know all the types!
Features of systemic lupus erythematosus include all of the following except: ✔️exophthalmos (indication of Graves' disease)
Explain the challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders. ✔️There are over 80 identified, many with overlapping presentations. Many
manifestations are nonspecific and are seen in other non-autoimmune diseases. Blood testing isn't perfect either, as some tests are more
generic and can be elevated in the presence of other diseases.
Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen? ✔️adaptive immunity
What are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response? ✔️lymphocytes
T lymphocytes produce what type of immunity? ✔️cell-mediated (adaptive)
Which immunoglobulin passes immune factors from the mother to the fetus? ✔️IgM (think M for mother)
Which cell type is an early responder and the most abundant in the body? ✔️neutrophils
Which feature is NOT of innate immunity? ✔️microbe recognition is specific (remember: innate immunity is non-specific)
A 12-year-old female presents with itchy eyes, nasal congestion and drainage, and sneezing every spring when the pollen count is high. (1)
Explain the immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for her symptoms. (2) What type(s) of treatment might be used to relieve her
symptoms? ✔️(1) Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils play an important role in the development of type I reactions because they contain the
chemical mediator histamine. A primary or initial-phase response is vasodilation, vascular leakage, and smooth muscle contraction. A secondary
or late-phase response is characterized by more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells,
as well as tissue damage. (2) Antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment.
Following a heart attack, the area of heart muscle that has undergone necrosis because of lack of blood supply will heal by scar tissue
replacement. ✔️true
Which of the following is an incorrect pairing of a classic manifestation of acute inflammation with its corresponding cause? ✔️Know the
following correct pairings:
Rubor- vasodilation
Dolor- pain
Calor- increased blood flow
Tumor- exudation of fluid and cells into extravascular tissues
Functio laesa- loss of function
True/False:
B cells are primarily associated with humoral immunity. ✔️true
True/False:
T cells mature in the thymus and are active in cellular immunity. ✔️true
True/False:
Passive immunity provides long lasting protection. ✔️true
Type II hypersensitivity reactions are _____ mediated reactions. ✔️antibody
Which cell does NOT play an important role in type I hypersensitivity reactions? ✔️CD4 T cells
Which is NOT a type of type II hypersensitivity reaction? ✔️antigen-mediated cellular inflammation
*options are tricky with this one, make sure you really know all the types!
Features of systemic lupus erythematosus include all of the following except: ✔️exophthalmos (indication of Graves' disease)
