LESSON 1.1: THE HUMAN BODY
The Human Body DIVISION OF ANATOMY:
- Common between Anatomy and Physiology 1. Gross Anatomy
- Pictured out as a big canvas - Also called as Macroscopic Anatomy
- can be seen in the naked eye, easily observable
Anatomy and Physiology - Large Structures
- Are two important entities - E.g. Digestive System: you can see all of the
- Integrated, Interconnected and somehow organs included
cannot be separated
- They rely on each other 2. Microscopic Anatomy
- Discussing Anatomy will be - Structures that are too small to be seen with the
meaningless if there is no Physiology, naked eye
and vice versa - Cannot be visualized and cannot be
observed
How do we differentiate Anatomy with Physiology? - Requires the use of a Specialized
Equipment
ANATOMY - Thru the use of a Microscope
- Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a
- Anatomein: meaning to ‘cut through’ microscope
- Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts Approach of studying Anatomy can also be differed
- Observation is used to see sizes and depending on what in particular you need to study:
relationships of parts - Could be based on the nearby structures that
- Made possible thru the use of surrounds them
Dissection - Dividing them into different system
- Dissection: exploring a particular
body part or organ by means of having 3. Regional Anatomy
a real view - Determines the presence of the internal and
- Mainly the reason that drives the external areas of the body which are being
concept of Anatomy studied based on their location, proximity, and
- The main reason why there is Anatomy how they work collaboratively
nowadays is because of dissection
- ‘What’ is the body part? ‘What’ is the name 4. Systemic Anatomy
of the body part? - Studying via systems
- It promotes familiarization and - Geared towards determining the different
understanding of the different body systems in our body
parts that govern different parts of the
body How many systems in our body? 11 systems
- How do they function to promote survival and
daily living?
,HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY - Answers ‘How does it work?’ ‘How does it
function’? ‘How?’
- Study of how the body and its part work or
1. Herophilus function
- Pioneered the concept of Dissection - Structure determines what functions can occur
- As early as the 400 B.C.
- He initiated the concept of Human For example: The air sacs (Alveoli) of the lungs have
Cadavers providing factual basis for very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange
understanding the structures gases and provide oxygen to the body.
- Known an the pioneer of Dissection in terms of - The structure of the Alveoli is fit for the activity
Human Cadavers in order for the human body for it to survive
For example: The heart is mostly composed of muscle,
● Comparative Anatomy and muscles contracts to create movement. Therefore,
- Differentiate a particular structure of the body of the heart may be able to pump blood and transport
humans in relation to animals blood to all parts of the body.
2. Claudius Galen Several Individuals with Significant
- Collected evidences that concerns the
different structures of the human anatomy
Contributions regarding Physiology
- Was able to publish a book, that gave interest
to doctors and scientists
1. William Harvey
- Some of his propositions were proven to be
- Discovered Systemic Circulation
incorrect, so some of his propositions stayed as
- How blood is being transported all over our
theories
body
- Up until Renaissance
- Initiated the concept of Modern Experimental
Physiology
During the Medieval Times, Human Beings were the
subject of art.
2. Albrecht Von Haller
3. Leonardo Da Vinci - Published the first manual that is written in Latin
concerning Physiology
- Utilized the concept of Anatomy in his artworks
- Physiology: Anatomy in Motion
- Incorporated the fascination of the human body
in making his artworks more realistic
- Used dissection to fascinately study the human 3. Antoine Lavoisier
body to make it as a reference to his art - Making the concept of Respiration more
- Promotes real life and meaningful art understandable
- How is it being produced
Because of the continuous flourishing of information - Production of heat
concerning Anatomy, a book complete with illustrations
and comprehensive descriptions was made. 4. Claude Bernard
- Pioneered the concept of Homeostasis
4. Andreas Vesalius - Provided a very comprehensive discussion on
- Father of Modern Anatomy body regulation
- Compiled all of the facts and made a book
,If you know the structure, it will be easy to 5. Organ Systems (Organ System
know how it works. Level)
- Consists of different organs that work closely
Levels of Structural Organization (Six together
Levels of Structural Organization / - When the organ is combined with other organs,
the functions are somehow similar but, their
Hierarchy of Biological Classification)
functions are now collaborative in nature
- There is interrelatedness, and has to be
(interrelated)
step-by-step
- E.g. Integumentary System
1. Atoms (Chemical Level) 6. Organisms (Organismal Level)
- Before life forms, there has to be the presence
- Human organisms are made up of many organ
of the basic unit of matter, also known as
systems
Atoms
● Individual entities that when combined,
forms a chemical reaction THE ORGAN SYSTEMS
● Based on the joining or combination of 1. Integumentary System
various atoms creating change is now
called a Molecule
(IN-IN-IN)
● Carbon Atoms = individually created, - Main Organ: Skin
but when Carbon reacts with: - Function: Integument = provide
Hydrogen, Oxygen, or Nitrogen gives protection
Protein - Forms the external body covering (skin) and
includes hair and fingernails
- Waterproofs the body
2. Cell (Cellular Level) - Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
- Cell, basic unit of life - Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
- Cells are made up of molecules - Excretes salts in perspiration
- Capable of performing various mechanisms - Helps regulate body temperature
inside the body that maintains survival - Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
- IN (INtergumentary) - IN (skIN) - IN
3. Tissue (Tissue Level) (protection from INit)
- Tissues consist of similar types of cells (similar
function) 2. Muscular System (M-M-M)
- The structure determines its functions - Main Organ: Muscle
- E.g. Several skin cells = forms Epithelial - Function: Movement
Tissues = plays a role in providing - Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
protection = several tissues with same - Produces movement of bones
functions combined = Organ - Composed of more than 600 hundred entities
4. Organ (Organ Level) 3. Skeletal System (S-S-S)
- Tissues with similar functions combined = - Main Organ: Skeleton
Organ - Contains: bones & articulations
- Organs are made up of different types of tissues - Function: provides Structural Support of
- Capable of generating activities on a larger the body
scale
, - Consists of bones (206), cartilages, ligaments, 6. Cardiovascular System
and joints
- Main Organ: Heart & Blood Vessels
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Cardio = Heart
- Protects vital organs
- Vascular = Blood vessel
- Site of blood cell formation
- Function: pump blood and carry blood
- Stores minerals
to tissues
- Blood transports:
When we combine Muscular and Skeletal System, it is
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
called Musculoskeletal System. - Nutrients
- Hormones
4. Nervous System - Blood also contains white blood cells and
chemicals that provide protection from foreign
- Main Organ: Brain & The Spinal Cord
invaders
- Function: promotion of signals,
communication (communication
circuitry), 7. Lymphatic System (also known
- Who dictates the activities in the body? as Immune System)
- Fast-acting control system
- Main Organ: Spleen
- Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
- Function: labanan ang sakit (Immunity)
sensory receptors
- Complements the cardiovascular system by
- Responds to internal and external stimuli
returning leaked fluids back to bloodstream
- Sensory receptors detect changes
- Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
- Messages are sent to the central nervous
cleanse the blood
system
- Houses white blood cells, which are involved in
- Central nervous system assesses information
immunity
and activates effectors (muscles and glands)
- CLUE: The immune system fights infection by
- Carries information thru the nerves to
promoting immunity
communication by making impulses
- CLUE: Nervous System = nag-iisip, nag-uutos
(the Brain), gamit ang Nerves 8. Respiratory System
- Main Organ: Lungs
- Function: Respiration
5. Endocrine System - Gases are exchanged with the blood through air
- Main Organ: - sacs in the lungs
- Function: providing regulation thru the - Supplies the body with oxygen
use of hormones - Removes carbon dioxide
- Secretes chemical molecules, called
Hormones, to the blood
- Endocrine = meaning there is no duct (or
9. Digestive System
passageway) for the substances to pass - Main Organ:
through - Function: Ingestion, Digestion,
- Body functions controlled by hormones include: Absorption, Excretion (IDAE)
- Growth - Ingestion - Mouth
- Reproduction - Digestion - Stomach
- Use of nutrients - Absorption - small intestine
- Excretion - large intestine >
Combination of Endocrine Systems and Nervous anus
System is called Neuroendocrine System.
The Human Body DIVISION OF ANATOMY:
- Common between Anatomy and Physiology 1. Gross Anatomy
- Pictured out as a big canvas - Also called as Macroscopic Anatomy
- can be seen in the naked eye, easily observable
Anatomy and Physiology - Large Structures
- Are two important entities - E.g. Digestive System: you can see all of the
- Integrated, Interconnected and somehow organs included
cannot be separated
- They rely on each other 2. Microscopic Anatomy
- Discussing Anatomy will be - Structures that are too small to be seen with the
meaningless if there is no Physiology, naked eye
and vice versa - Cannot be visualized and cannot be
observed
How do we differentiate Anatomy with Physiology? - Requires the use of a Specialized
Equipment
ANATOMY - Thru the use of a Microscope
- Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a
- Anatomein: meaning to ‘cut through’ microscope
- Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts Approach of studying Anatomy can also be differed
- Observation is used to see sizes and depending on what in particular you need to study:
relationships of parts - Could be based on the nearby structures that
- Made possible thru the use of surrounds them
Dissection - Dividing them into different system
- Dissection: exploring a particular
body part or organ by means of having 3. Regional Anatomy
a real view - Determines the presence of the internal and
- Mainly the reason that drives the external areas of the body which are being
concept of Anatomy studied based on their location, proximity, and
- The main reason why there is Anatomy how they work collaboratively
nowadays is because of dissection
- ‘What’ is the body part? ‘What’ is the name 4. Systemic Anatomy
of the body part? - Studying via systems
- It promotes familiarization and - Geared towards determining the different
understanding of the different body systems in our body
parts that govern different parts of the
body How many systems in our body? 11 systems
- How do they function to promote survival and
daily living?
,HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY - Answers ‘How does it work?’ ‘How does it
function’? ‘How?’
- Study of how the body and its part work or
1. Herophilus function
- Pioneered the concept of Dissection - Structure determines what functions can occur
- As early as the 400 B.C.
- He initiated the concept of Human For example: The air sacs (Alveoli) of the lungs have
Cadavers providing factual basis for very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange
understanding the structures gases and provide oxygen to the body.
- Known an the pioneer of Dissection in terms of - The structure of the Alveoli is fit for the activity
Human Cadavers in order for the human body for it to survive
For example: The heart is mostly composed of muscle,
● Comparative Anatomy and muscles contracts to create movement. Therefore,
- Differentiate a particular structure of the body of the heart may be able to pump blood and transport
humans in relation to animals blood to all parts of the body.
2. Claudius Galen Several Individuals with Significant
- Collected evidences that concerns the
different structures of the human anatomy
Contributions regarding Physiology
- Was able to publish a book, that gave interest
to doctors and scientists
1. William Harvey
- Some of his propositions were proven to be
- Discovered Systemic Circulation
incorrect, so some of his propositions stayed as
- How blood is being transported all over our
theories
body
- Up until Renaissance
- Initiated the concept of Modern Experimental
Physiology
During the Medieval Times, Human Beings were the
subject of art.
2. Albrecht Von Haller
3. Leonardo Da Vinci - Published the first manual that is written in Latin
concerning Physiology
- Utilized the concept of Anatomy in his artworks
- Physiology: Anatomy in Motion
- Incorporated the fascination of the human body
in making his artworks more realistic
- Used dissection to fascinately study the human 3. Antoine Lavoisier
body to make it as a reference to his art - Making the concept of Respiration more
- Promotes real life and meaningful art understandable
- How is it being produced
Because of the continuous flourishing of information - Production of heat
concerning Anatomy, a book complete with illustrations
and comprehensive descriptions was made. 4. Claude Bernard
- Pioneered the concept of Homeostasis
4. Andreas Vesalius - Provided a very comprehensive discussion on
- Father of Modern Anatomy body regulation
- Compiled all of the facts and made a book
,If you know the structure, it will be easy to 5. Organ Systems (Organ System
know how it works. Level)
- Consists of different organs that work closely
Levels of Structural Organization (Six together
Levels of Structural Organization / - When the organ is combined with other organs,
the functions are somehow similar but, their
Hierarchy of Biological Classification)
functions are now collaborative in nature
- There is interrelatedness, and has to be
(interrelated)
step-by-step
- E.g. Integumentary System
1. Atoms (Chemical Level) 6. Organisms (Organismal Level)
- Before life forms, there has to be the presence
- Human organisms are made up of many organ
of the basic unit of matter, also known as
systems
Atoms
● Individual entities that when combined,
forms a chemical reaction THE ORGAN SYSTEMS
● Based on the joining or combination of 1. Integumentary System
various atoms creating change is now
called a Molecule
(IN-IN-IN)
● Carbon Atoms = individually created, - Main Organ: Skin
but when Carbon reacts with: - Function: Integument = provide
Hydrogen, Oxygen, or Nitrogen gives protection
Protein - Forms the external body covering (skin) and
includes hair and fingernails
- Waterproofs the body
2. Cell (Cellular Level) - Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
- Cell, basic unit of life - Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
- Cells are made up of molecules - Excretes salts in perspiration
- Capable of performing various mechanisms - Helps regulate body temperature
inside the body that maintains survival - Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
- IN (INtergumentary) - IN (skIN) - IN
3. Tissue (Tissue Level) (protection from INit)
- Tissues consist of similar types of cells (similar
function) 2. Muscular System (M-M-M)
- The structure determines its functions - Main Organ: Muscle
- E.g. Several skin cells = forms Epithelial - Function: Movement
Tissues = plays a role in providing - Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
protection = several tissues with same - Produces movement of bones
functions combined = Organ - Composed of more than 600 hundred entities
4. Organ (Organ Level) 3. Skeletal System (S-S-S)
- Tissues with similar functions combined = - Main Organ: Skeleton
Organ - Contains: bones & articulations
- Organs are made up of different types of tissues - Function: provides Structural Support of
- Capable of generating activities on a larger the body
scale
, - Consists of bones (206), cartilages, ligaments, 6. Cardiovascular System
and joints
- Main Organ: Heart & Blood Vessels
- Provides muscle attachment for movement
- Cardio = Heart
- Protects vital organs
- Vascular = Blood vessel
- Site of blood cell formation
- Function: pump blood and carry blood
- Stores minerals
to tissues
- Blood transports:
When we combine Muscular and Skeletal System, it is
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
called Musculoskeletal System. - Nutrients
- Hormones
4. Nervous System - Blood also contains white blood cells and
chemicals that provide protection from foreign
- Main Organ: Brain & The Spinal Cord
invaders
- Function: promotion of signals,
communication (communication
circuitry), 7. Lymphatic System (also known
- Who dictates the activities in the body? as Immune System)
- Fast-acting control system
- Main Organ: Spleen
- Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
- Function: labanan ang sakit (Immunity)
sensory receptors
- Complements the cardiovascular system by
- Responds to internal and external stimuli
returning leaked fluids back to bloodstream
- Sensory receptors detect changes
- Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs
- Messages are sent to the central nervous
cleanse the blood
system
- Houses white blood cells, which are involved in
- Central nervous system assesses information
immunity
and activates effectors (muscles and glands)
- CLUE: The immune system fights infection by
- Carries information thru the nerves to
promoting immunity
communication by making impulses
- CLUE: Nervous System = nag-iisip, nag-uutos
(the Brain), gamit ang Nerves 8. Respiratory System
- Main Organ: Lungs
- Function: Respiration
5. Endocrine System - Gases are exchanged with the blood through air
- Main Organ: - sacs in the lungs
- Function: providing regulation thru the - Supplies the body with oxygen
use of hormones - Removes carbon dioxide
- Secretes chemical molecules, called
Hormones, to the blood
- Endocrine = meaning there is no duct (or
9. Digestive System
passageway) for the substances to pass - Main Organ:
through - Function: Ingestion, Digestion,
- Body functions controlled by hormones include: Absorption, Excretion (IDAE)
- Growth - Ingestion - Mouth
- Reproduction - Digestion - Stomach
- Use of nutrients - Absorption - small intestine
- Excretion - large intestine >
Combination of Endocrine Systems and Nervous anus
System is called Neuroendocrine System.
