PSY 205 – Unit 3 Study Guide, Chs. 8-10
Ch. 8 – Early Childhood Biosocial Development:
1. The average BMI is lower at ages 5 & 6 than at any other time of life. 188
2. Studies link childhood obesity to an increased risk for depression as well as to an
increased risk of early death from what? 188
Heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and suicide
1. During each year of early childhood, a well-nourished child grows on
average___3__inches and _____4 1/2_______pounds. 188
2. At 2, the brain is 75% of its adult weight, but by 6, it is 90% of the adult weight. Most of
this increase in weight occurs due to __myelination___. 191
3. What does myelin do? 191 speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to
neuron
4. Define lateralization, corpus callosum (192), and prefrontal cortex (glossary).
Lateralization- sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the
brain, with one side dominant for each activity.
Corpus callosum- A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres
of the brain and allows communication between them.
Prefrontal cortex- the front-most part of the frontal lobe, responsible for high-level "executive
functions" like decision-making, planning, impulse control, and personality expression
1. List the four ways that neurological control advances between age 2 and age 6 that are
given on page 193.
Sleep becomes regular, emotions become more nuanced and responsive, temper tantrums
subside, uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common
1. Impulse control problems and perseveration in young children are both related to an
immature prefrontal cortex. Define these two things. 194
Impulse control - the ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior
Perseveration - the stay stuck in one thought for a long time, the ability to be flexible, switching
from one task to another is beyond most children
1. Contrast the gross and fine motor skills of two year-olds as compared to six year-olds.
197
, The younger a child the less their fine and gross motor skills operate well, where 6 year olds
can use their hands and fingers to manipulate things, 2 year olds cannot. Same with balance
and complex gross motor skills
1. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. How do they relate to the case study
on poisoning on pages 199-200?
Primary - considers the overall conditions that affect the likelihood of harm, laws and customs
reduce injury for all people
Secondary - more targeted, averting harm in high risk situations or for vulnerable individuals
Tertiary - begins after injury has occurred, limiting damage
Primary prevention included laws limiting the amount of flavored medicine per container;
secondary prevention included my pediatrician’s written directions to buy syrup of ipecac;
tertiary prevention was my phone call to Poison Control.
1. Define child maltreatment as well as the difference between child abuse and child
neglect
Child maltreatment is all intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of a person under 18,
child abuse is deliberate actions to harm physical, emotionally, or sexually and child neglect is
failure to meet basic physical, emotional, or educational needs
1. Be familiar with the signs of child maltreatment in kids aged 0-10. 207
Injuries that are unlikely to be accidents, such as bruises on both sides of the face or body;
burns with a clear line between burned and unburned skin Repeated injuries, especially broken
bones not properly tended (visible on X-ray) Fantasy play with dominant themes of violence or
sex Slow physical growth Unusual appetite or lack of appetite Ongoing physical complaints,
such as stomachaches, headaches, genital pain, sleepiness Reluctance to talk, to play, or to
move, especially if development is slow No close friendships; hostility toward others; bullying of
smaller children Hypervigilance, with quick, impulsive reactions, such as cringing, startling, or
hitting Frequent absence from school Frequent change of address Frequent change in
caregivers Child seems fearful, not joyful, on seeing caregiver
13. Summarize the consequences of child maltreatment. 207
Less friendly, more aggressive and hostile children
Ch. 9 – Early Childhood Cognitive Development
1. Define executive function. Be sure to include the three components that contribute to
executive function. 211
Executive function is the ability to organize and prioritize many thoughts , allowing strategy and
a plan
Ch. 8 – Early Childhood Biosocial Development:
1. The average BMI is lower at ages 5 & 6 than at any other time of life. 188
2. Studies link childhood obesity to an increased risk for depression as well as to an
increased risk of early death from what? 188
Heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and suicide
1. During each year of early childhood, a well-nourished child grows on
average___3__inches and _____4 1/2_______pounds. 188
2. At 2, the brain is 75% of its adult weight, but by 6, it is 90% of the adult weight. Most of
this increase in weight occurs due to __myelination___. 191
3. What does myelin do? 191 speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to
neuron
4. Define lateralization, corpus callosum (192), and prefrontal cortex (glossary).
Lateralization- sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the
brain, with one side dominant for each activity.
Corpus callosum- A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres
of the brain and allows communication between them.
Prefrontal cortex- the front-most part of the frontal lobe, responsible for high-level "executive
functions" like decision-making, planning, impulse control, and personality expression
1. List the four ways that neurological control advances between age 2 and age 6 that are
given on page 193.
Sleep becomes regular, emotions become more nuanced and responsive, temper tantrums
subside, uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common
1. Impulse control problems and perseveration in young children are both related to an
immature prefrontal cortex. Define these two things. 194
Impulse control - the ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior
Perseveration - the stay stuck in one thought for a long time, the ability to be flexible, switching
from one task to another is beyond most children
1. Contrast the gross and fine motor skills of two year-olds as compared to six year-olds.
197
, The younger a child the less their fine and gross motor skills operate well, where 6 year olds
can use their hands and fingers to manipulate things, 2 year olds cannot. Same with balance
and complex gross motor skills
1. Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. How do they relate to the case study
on poisoning on pages 199-200?
Primary - considers the overall conditions that affect the likelihood of harm, laws and customs
reduce injury for all people
Secondary - more targeted, averting harm in high risk situations or for vulnerable individuals
Tertiary - begins after injury has occurred, limiting damage
Primary prevention included laws limiting the amount of flavored medicine per container;
secondary prevention included my pediatrician’s written directions to buy syrup of ipecac;
tertiary prevention was my phone call to Poison Control.
1. Define child maltreatment as well as the difference between child abuse and child
neglect
Child maltreatment is all intentional harm or avoidable endangerment of a person under 18,
child abuse is deliberate actions to harm physical, emotionally, or sexually and child neglect is
failure to meet basic physical, emotional, or educational needs
1. Be familiar with the signs of child maltreatment in kids aged 0-10. 207
Injuries that are unlikely to be accidents, such as bruises on both sides of the face or body;
burns with a clear line between burned and unburned skin Repeated injuries, especially broken
bones not properly tended (visible on X-ray) Fantasy play with dominant themes of violence or
sex Slow physical growth Unusual appetite or lack of appetite Ongoing physical complaints,
such as stomachaches, headaches, genital pain, sleepiness Reluctance to talk, to play, or to
move, especially if development is slow No close friendships; hostility toward others; bullying of
smaller children Hypervigilance, with quick, impulsive reactions, such as cringing, startling, or
hitting Frequent absence from school Frequent change of address Frequent change in
caregivers Child seems fearful, not joyful, on seeing caregiver
13. Summarize the consequences of child maltreatment. 207
Less friendly, more aggressive and hostile children
Ch. 9 – Early Childhood Cognitive Development
1. Define executive function. Be sure to include the three components that contribute to
executive function. 211
Executive function is the ability to organize and prioritize many thoughts , allowing strategy and
a plan
