NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 1l (NEWl
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Reviewl |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel
A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l
UTA
QUESTION
Al personl withl al familyl historyl ofl coronaryl heartl diseasel isl twol tol sevenl timesl morel
likelyl tol havel heartl diseasel thanl someonel whol doesn'tl havel anyl familyl history.l Thisl isl
anl examplel of
A.l empiricall risk
B.l relativel risk
C.l prevalence
D.l incidencel rate
Answer:
Thel correctl answerl isl B
Relativel riskl isl al commonl measurementl ofl thel effectl ofl al riskl factorl (,l p.l 161).l
"Manyl studiesl havel examinedl thel rolel ofl familyl historyl inl CHD,l andl theyl showl thatl
anl individuall withl al positivel historyl isl twol tol sevenl timesl morel likelyl tol havel heartl
diseasel thanl isl anl individuall withl nol familyl historyl (thisl wouldl bel thel relativel riskl ofl
heartl diseasel asl al resultl ofl al positivel familyl history"l (,l p.l 167).l
QUESTION
Humanl papillomal virusl infectionl mayl increasel one'sl lifetimel riskl ofl whichl ofl thel
followingl cancers:l (selectl alll thatl apply).l
a.l Cervicall cancer
b.l Vulvarl cancer
c.l Pancreaticl cancer
d.l Orall cancer
e.l Non-Hodgkinsl lymphoma
Answer:
Correctl answers:l A,l B,l Dl
,Rationale:l Humanl papillomavirusesl arel highlyl specificl virusesl thatl onlyl infectl humans.l
HPVsl arel linkedl tol epitheliall differentiation,l andl initiall infectionl occursl asl al resultl ofl
microscopicl breaksl inl thel epithelium.l Certainl HPVl genotypesl arel carcinogenic.l Severall
factorsl increasel likelihoodl ofl HPV-relatedl cancer,l includingl infectionl lastingl longerl thanl
12l months.l HPVsl arel sexuallyl transmittedl viruses,l andl asl suchl infectl reproductivel
organs.l Cervicall cancerl isl thel fourthl mostl commonl cancerl inl femalesl worldwide.l Itl isl
believedl thatl thel vastl majorityl ofl cervicall cancersl arel al resultl ofl HPVl infection.l
Thoughl vulvarl andl vaginall cancersl arel markedlyl rarer,l theyl dol sometimesl occurl inl
females.l Unlikel cervicall cancers,l however,l itl isl believedl thatl onlyl al portionl ofl thesel
cancersl arel relatedl tol HPV.l Orall cancersl mayl alsol bel relatedl tol HPVl infection.l Thel
majorityl ofl HPV-relatedl orall cancersl occurl atl thel basel ofl thel tonguel andl tonsils.l Penilel
andl anall cancersl mayl alsol bel resultantl ofl HPVl infectionl ().l
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl truel regardingl epigenetics?l
a.l Epigeneticsl refersl tol subtlel changesl tol thel DNAl sequencel resultingl froml
environmentall orl otherl factors.l
b.l Epigeneticsl isl al processl thatl onlyl occursl priorl tol birth,l duringl fetall developmentl
c.l Epigeneticsl isl entirelyl relatedl tol anl individual'sl geneticl makeupl
d.l Epigeneticsl refersl tol heritablel changesl inl genel andl non-codingl RNAl expressionl thatl
dol notl resultl inl alterationsl tol thel DNAl sequence
Answer:
Correctl answers:l Dl
Rationale:l Accordingl tol Dr.l Figueroal (),l "Epigeneticsl asl al fieldl ofl studyl refersl tol thel
analysisl ofl changesl thatl canl occurl onl chromatinl andl DNAl thatl arel heritablel andl dol
notl affectl thel primaryl DNAl sequence.l "l Thisl isl al fluidl processl thatl occursl throughl thel
lifespan,l notl onlyl duringl fetall development.l Furtherl studyl inl thel fieldl ofl epigeneticsl
hasl broughtl tol lightl thel rolel ofl environmentall factorsl andl theirl effectl onl genel
expressionl ().l
QUESTION
Whatl drugsl mayl interferel withl potassiuml levelsl withinl thel body,l resultingl inl
hyperkalemia?l (Selectl alll thatl apply)l
a.l Spironoloactonel
b.l Lasixl
c.l Propanololl
d.l Atropine
Answer:
Correctl answers:l A,l Cl
,Rationale:l Spironolactonel interferesl withl renall potassiuml secretion,l regardlessl ofl thel
body'sl aldosteronel levell (Mount,l 2017).l Thoughl rare,l propanololl canl alsol causel
hyperkalemia.l Nonselectivel betal blockers,l suchl asl labetaloll andl propanolol,l mayl causel
hyperkalemial inl certainl circumstances,l suchl asl extremel exercise,l anl influxl ofl potassiuml
intake,l orl anotherl factorsl effectingl potassiuml excretionl orl uptake.l Hyperkalemial resultsl
froml nonselectivel betal blockerl administrationl duel tol increasedl beta-2l adrenergicl
facilitationl ofl cellularl potassiuml uptakel (Mount,l 2017).l Lasixl mayl resultl inl
hypokalemia,l ratherl thanl hyperkalemia.l Atropinel hasl nol associatedl effectsl onl potassiuml
balance.l
QUESTION
Inl whichl ofl thel followingl isl telomerasel usuallyl active?l Selectl alll thatl apply.l
A.l Ovariesl &l testes
B.l Steml cells
C.l Cancerl cells
D.l Alll ofl thel above
E.l Nonel ofl thel above
Answer:
Rationale:l "Telomerasel isl usuallyl activel onlyl inl germl cellsl (inl ovariesl andl testes)l andl
inl steml cells.l .l .l Cancerl cellsl whenl theyl reachl criticall age,l activatel Telomerasel somel
howl inl orderl tol restorel andl maintainl theirl telomeresl andl therebyl makel itl possiblel tol
dividel overl andl overl again"l (,l p.l 382).l Correctl Answer:l D
QUESTION
Al patientl isl confusedl afterl al doctorl roundedl inl thel morningl toldl herl shel wasl sufferingl
Paraneoplasticl syndromes.l Thel patientl wantsl youl tol clarifyl ifl theyl dol orl dol notl havel
cancer.l Selectl thel bestl Answer:
A.l Thel patientl isl cancerl freel andl thel isl nol needl tol worry
B.l Alll paraneoplasticl syndromesl resultl froml al disturbancel inl neurotransmitters
C.l Thel patientl hasl cancerl andl anl oncologistl willl discussl theirl proposedl treatmentl planl
soon
D.l Thel symptomsl arel nothingl morel thanl al hormonall imbalance
Answer:
Rationale:l "Paraneoplasticl syndromesl arel symptoml complexesl thatl arel triggeredl byl al
cancerl butl arel notl causedl byl directl locall effectsl ofl thel tumorl mass"l (,l p.l 394).l Whilel
thel agentl thatl isl causingl thel syndromesl mayl havel al validl pathophysiology,l itl doesn'tl
changel thel factl thatl cancerl isl thel underlyingl problem.l Correctl Answer:l C.l
, QUESTION
Al patientl isl scheduledl tol havel adjuvantl chemotherapy.l Whichl ofl thel followingl
statementsl wouldl warrantl additionall patientl teaching?
A.l Il willl havel havel additionall medicationl afterl thel surgery
B.l Adjuvantl chemotherapyl willl helpl eliminatel anyl tracesl ofl thel tumor
C.l Myl adjuvantl therapyl appointmentl needsl tol takel placel onel weekl priorl tol surgery
Answer:
Rationale:l "Adjuvantl chemotherapyl isl givenl afterl surgicall excisionl ofl al cancerl withl thel
goall ofl eliminatingl micrometastases"l (,l p.l 397).l Correctl Answer:l C.l
QUESTION
Al patientl comesl intol thel clinicl statingl shel wasl recentlyl diagnosedl withl lipomal -l whatl
typel ofl cancerl isl shel referringl to?
A.l Benignl tumorl ofl fatl cells
B.l Malignantl tumorl ofl thel skeletall muscle
C.l Benignl tumorl ofl thel smoothl musclel ofl thel uterus
D.l Malignantl tumorl arisingl froml thel mesenchymall tissue
Answer:Al .l Benignl tumorsl arel usuallyl namedl accordingl tol thel tissuesl froml whichl theyl
arisel withl thel suffixl "-oma".l Al benignl tumorl ofl fatl cellsl isl Lipoma,l referringl tol
lipids/fats.l (,l pg.l 347)
QUESTION
Al patientl comesl tol thel hospitall withl weakness,l musclel cramps,l hyperactivel reflexes,l
shallowl respirations,l confusionl andl convulsions.l Anl arteriall bloodl gasl wasl takenl
revealingl thel following:l pHl 7.l 50,l HCO3l 30mEq/L,l PaCO2l 65mmHg.l Whichl ofl thel
followingl doesl thel patientl have?
A.l Respiratoryl Acidosis
B.l Respiratoryl Alkalosis
C.l Metabolicl Acidosis
D.l Metabolicl Alkalosis
Answer:D.l Metabolicl Alkalosis.l "Thel arteriall pHl isl greaterl thanl 7.l 45,l andl bicarbonatel
levelsl exceedl 26l mEq/L.l Withl respiratoryl compensationl PACO2l isl abovel 40l mmHg"l (,l
pg.l 128).l
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl isl al normall nonmutantl genel thatl codesl forl cellularl growth?
A.l Oncogene
B.l Proto-oncogene
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Reviewl |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel
A|l 100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l
UTA
QUESTION
Al personl withl al familyl historyl ofl coronaryl heartl diseasel isl twol tol sevenl timesl morel
likelyl tol havel heartl diseasel thanl someonel whol doesn'tl havel anyl familyl history.l Thisl isl
anl examplel of
A.l empiricall risk
B.l relativel risk
C.l prevalence
D.l incidencel rate
Answer:
Thel correctl answerl isl B
Relativel riskl isl al commonl measurementl ofl thel effectl ofl al riskl factorl (,l p.l 161).l
"Manyl studiesl havel examinedl thel rolel ofl familyl historyl inl CHD,l andl theyl showl thatl
anl individuall withl al positivel historyl isl twol tol sevenl timesl morel likelyl tol havel heartl
diseasel thanl isl anl individuall withl nol familyl historyl (thisl wouldl bel thel relativel riskl ofl
heartl diseasel asl al resultl ofl al positivel familyl history"l (,l p.l 167).l
QUESTION
Humanl papillomal virusl infectionl mayl increasel one'sl lifetimel riskl ofl whichl ofl thel
followingl cancers:l (selectl alll thatl apply).l
a.l Cervicall cancer
b.l Vulvarl cancer
c.l Pancreaticl cancer
d.l Orall cancer
e.l Non-Hodgkinsl lymphoma
Answer:
Correctl answers:l A,l B,l Dl
,Rationale:l Humanl papillomavirusesl arel highlyl specificl virusesl thatl onlyl infectl humans.l
HPVsl arel linkedl tol epitheliall differentiation,l andl initiall infectionl occursl asl al resultl ofl
microscopicl breaksl inl thel epithelium.l Certainl HPVl genotypesl arel carcinogenic.l Severall
factorsl increasel likelihoodl ofl HPV-relatedl cancer,l includingl infectionl lastingl longerl thanl
12l months.l HPVsl arel sexuallyl transmittedl viruses,l andl asl suchl infectl reproductivel
organs.l Cervicall cancerl isl thel fourthl mostl commonl cancerl inl femalesl worldwide.l Itl isl
believedl thatl thel vastl majorityl ofl cervicall cancersl arel al resultl ofl HPVl infection.l
Thoughl vulvarl andl vaginall cancersl arel markedlyl rarer,l theyl dol sometimesl occurl inl
females.l Unlikel cervicall cancers,l however,l itl isl believedl thatl onlyl al portionl ofl thesel
cancersl arel relatedl tol HPV.l Orall cancersl mayl alsol bel relatedl tol HPVl infection.l Thel
majorityl ofl HPV-relatedl orall cancersl occurl atl thel basel ofl thel tonguel andl tonsils.l Penilel
andl anall cancersl mayl alsol bel resultantl ofl HPVl infectionl ().l
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl statementsl isl truel regardingl epigenetics?l
a.l Epigeneticsl refersl tol subtlel changesl tol thel DNAl sequencel resultingl froml
environmentall orl otherl factors.l
b.l Epigeneticsl isl al processl thatl onlyl occursl priorl tol birth,l duringl fetall developmentl
c.l Epigeneticsl isl entirelyl relatedl tol anl individual'sl geneticl makeupl
d.l Epigeneticsl refersl tol heritablel changesl inl genel andl non-codingl RNAl expressionl thatl
dol notl resultl inl alterationsl tol thel DNAl sequence
Answer:
Correctl answers:l Dl
Rationale:l Accordingl tol Dr.l Figueroal (),l "Epigeneticsl asl al fieldl ofl studyl refersl tol thel
analysisl ofl changesl thatl canl occurl onl chromatinl andl DNAl thatl arel heritablel andl dol
notl affectl thel primaryl DNAl sequence.l "l Thisl isl al fluidl processl thatl occursl throughl thel
lifespan,l notl onlyl duringl fetall development.l Furtherl studyl inl thel fieldl ofl epigeneticsl
hasl broughtl tol lightl thel rolel ofl environmentall factorsl andl theirl effectl onl genel
expressionl ().l
QUESTION
Whatl drugsl mayl interferel withl potassiuml levelsl withinl thel body,l resultingl inl
hyperkalemia?l (Selectl alll thatl apply)l
a.l Spironoloactonel
b.l Lasixl
c.l Propanololl
d.l Atropine
Answer:
Correctl answers:l A,l Cl
,Rationale:l Spironolactonel interferesl withl renall potassiuml secretion,l regardlessl ofl thel
body'sl aldosteronel levell (Mount,l 2017).l Thoughl rare,l propanololl canl alsol causel
hyperkalemia.l Nonselectivel betal blockers,l suchl asl labetaloll andl propanolol,l mayl causel
hyperkalemial inl certainl circumstances,l suchl asl extremel exercise,l anl influxl ofl potassiuml
intake,l orl anotherl factorsl effectingl potassiuml excretionl orl uptake.l Hyperkalemial resultsl
froml nonselectivel betal blockerl administrationl duel tol increasedl beta-2l adrenergicl
facilitationl ofl cellularl potassiuml uptakel (Mount,l 2017).l Lasixl mayl resultl inl
hypokalemia,l ratherl thanl hyperkalemia.l Atropinel hasl nol associatedl effectsl onl potassiuml
balance.l
QUESTION
Inl whichl ofl thel followingl isl telomerasel usuallyl active?l Selectl alll thatl apply.l
A.l Ovariesl &l testes
B.l Steml cells
C.l Cancerl cells
D.l Alll ofl thel above
E.l Nonel ofl thel above
Answer:
Rationale:l "Telomerasel isl usuallyl activel onlyl inl germl cellsl (inl ovariesl andl testes)l andl
inl steml cells.l .l .l Cancerl cellsl whenl theyl reachl criticall age,l activatel Telomerasel somel
howl inl orderl tol restorel andl maintainl theirl telomeresl andl therebyl makel itl possiblel tol
dividel overl andl overl again"l (,l p.l 382).l Correctl Answer:l D
QUESTION
Al patientl isl confusedl afterl al doctorl roundedl inl thel morningl toldl herl shel wasl sufferingl
Paraneoplasticl syndromes.l Thel patientl wantsl youl tol clarifyl ifl theyl dol orl dol notl havel
cancer.l Selectl thel bestl Answer:
A.l Thel patientl isl cancerl freel andl thel isl nol needl tol worry
B.l Alll paraneoplasticl syndromesl resultl froml al disturbancel inl neurotransmitters
C.l Thel patientl hasl cancerl andl anl oncologistl willl discussl theirl proposedl treatmentl planl
soon
D.l Thel symptomsl arel nothingl morel thanl al hormonall imbalance
Answer:
Rationale:l "Paraneoplasticl syndromesl arel symptoml complexesl thatl arel triggeredl byl al
cancerl butl arel notl causedl byl directl locall effectsl ofl thel tumorl mass"l (,l p.l 394).l Whilel
thel agentl thatl isl causingl thel syndromesl mayl havel al validl pathophysiology,l itl doesn'tl
changel thel factl thatl cancerl isl thel underlyingl problem.l Correctl Answer:l C.l
, QUESTION
Al patientl isl scheduledl tol havel adjuvantl chemotherapy.l Whichl ofl thel followingl
statementsl wouldl warrantl additionall patientl teaching?
A.l Il willl havel havel additionall medicationl afterl thel surgery
B.l Adjuvantl chemotherapyl willl helpl eliminatel anyl tracesl ofl thel tumor
C.l Myl adjuvantl therapyl appointmentl needsl tol takel placel onel weekl priorl tol surgery
Answer:
Rationale:l "Adjuvantl chemotherapyl isl givenl afterl surgicall excisionl ofl al cancerl withl thel
goall ofl eliminatingl micrometastases"l (,l p.l 397).l Correctl Answer:l C.l
QUESTION
Al patientl comesl intol thel clinicl statingl shel wasl recentlyl diagnosedl withl lipomal -l whatl
typel ofl cancerl isl shel referringl to?
A.l Benignl tumorl ofl fatl cells
B.l Malignantl tumorl ofl thel skeletall muscle
C.l Benignl tumorl ofl thel smoothl musclel ofl thel uterus
D.l Malignantl tumorl arisingl froml thel mesenchymall tissue
Answer:Al .l Benignl tumorsl arel usuallyl namedl accordingl tol thel tissuesl froml whichl theyl
arisel withl thel suffixl "-oma".l Al benignl tumorl ofl fatl cellsl isl Lipoma,l referringl tol
lipids/fats.l (,l pg.l 347)
QUESTION
Al patientl comesl tol thel hospitall withl weakness,l musclel cramps,l hyperactivel reflexes,l
shallowl respirations,l confusionl andl convulsions.l Anl arteriall bloodl gasl wasl takenl
revealingl thel following:l pHl 7.l 50,l HCO3l 30mEq/L,l PaCO2l 65mmHg.l Whichl ofl thel
followingl doesl thel patientl have?
A.l Respiratoryl Acidosis
B.l Respiratoryl Alkalosis
C.l Metabolicl Acidosis
D.l Metabolicl Alkalosis
Answer:D.l Metabolicl Alkalosis.l "Thel arteriall pHl isl greaterl thanl 7.l 45,l andl bicarbonatel
levelsl exceedl 26l mEq/L.l Withl respiratoryl compensationl PACO2l isl abovel 40l mmHg"l (,l
pg.l 128).l
QUESTION
Whichl ofl thel followingl isl al normall nonmutantl genel thatl codesl forl cellularl growth?
A.l Oncogene
B.l Proto-oncogene
