NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 3l (NEWl
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
CMl ofl hrtl failurel w/l reducedl ejectionl fraction
Answer:
-pulmonaryl edemal d/tl backl ofl bloodl &l highl pressuresl intol pulml circulation
-dyspnea,l orthopnea,l coughl w/l frothyl sputum,l fatigue,l decreasedl urinel outputl &l edema,l
cyanosis,l pulmonaryl rales,l pleurall effusion,l hypotensionl orl hypertension,l S3l gallop
QUESTION
hrtl failurel w/l preservedl ejectionl fraction
Answer:
-presencel ofl pulmonaryl congestionl w/l norml leftl systolicl EF,l SVl &l CO
-morel commonl inl womenl &l cuasedl byl hypertension-inducedl hypertrophyl orl myocardiall
ischemia
-l resultsl froml inabilityl ofl myocytesl tol activelyl pumpl Cal froml cytosoll whichl impairsl
ventl relaxation
-leftl orl rightl sidel ofl thel hrt
-l left:l leftl ventl unablel tol relaxl completelyl sol unablel tol filll w/ol resistancel &l increasel
inl walll tension->l ptl willl havel normall LVEDVl butl increasedl LVEDP->l increasesl pressl
inl pulml circulationl &l causesl pulml edemal ->l pulml HTNl &l rightl sidedl failurel develop-
>l tachycardial increasesl LVEDP
QUESTION
rightl sidedl heartl failure
Answer:
-failingl rightl ventl whichl resultsl inl itsl abilityl tol pumpl bll forwardl tol pulml circulation
,-l mostl commonl causel isl leftl sidedl failure
-pressl arel tool highl inl thel leftl vent,l backl flowl ofl bll intol pulml circulation,l causesl
higherl pressl inl pulml circulationl againstl whichl rightl ventl mustl pump->l rightl ventl isl
unablel tol effectivelyl pumpl againstl thel increasel inl pressl &l ultl dilatesl andl fails->l pressl
&l voll backl upl causingl rightl striall hypertrophy,l jugularl venousl distention,l
hepatospleomegaly,l peripherall edema
-l canl occurl w/ol leftl sidel usul r/tl primaryl lungl disorderl likel COPD,l cycticl fibrosis,l
ARDS,l pulml fibrosis,l pulml HTN,l rightl ventl MI,l cardiomyopathies,l orl pulml valvularl ds
QUESTION
atriall fibrillation
Answer:
-l riskl fcts-l hypertensivel hrtl ds,l CAD,l valvul Ll MNlarl hrtl ds,l hrtl failure,l hypertrophicl
cardiomyopathy,l congentiall hrtl ds,l gout,l CKD,l DM,l metabolicl syndrome,l &l obesity
-onsetl triggeredl by-cardiovascularl surgery,l acutel MI,l thyrotoxicosis,l pericardiall ds,l
hyperthyroidism,l pulml pathologies,l lowl Mgl andl caffeine
-l CMl dyspnea,l dizziness,l &l fatigue
QUESTION
mitrall valvel stenosis
Answer:
-l rheumaticl heartl disease
-l narrowingl ofl mitrall valvel tol <2.l 5l cm
-l increasedl voll andl pressurel inl thel leftl atrium=l atriall hypertrophyl &l dilationl
-l increasel pressurel &l voll inl pulml circulationl &l causel pulml edema
-l leadsl tol pulml htn,l rightl ventl failure
-l increasesl riskl forl devl afib
-l CMl dyspnea,l hempotysis,l atriall enlargement,l JVD,l afib,l dysphagia,l pull htn,l diastolicl
murmur
QUESTION
mitrall valvel regurgitation
Answer:
-incompletel closurel ofl thel mitrall valve
-l bll inl leftl ventl backsl upl intol thel leftl atriuml duringl ventl systole
,-l leadsl tol leftl atriall dilation/hypertrophy,l increasedl pull vascularl press,l voll overloadl &l
edema
-commonl causel isl mitl vavlel prolapse;l rupturesl papillaryl muscle,l endocarditis,l dialatedl
cardiomypathy,l myocarditits,l connl tissl disorders
-CMl dyspnea,l rales,l pansystolicl murmurl withl S3l &l S4l hrtl sounds
QUESTION
aorticl valvel stenosis
Answer:
-l causedl byl aoritcl valvel calcification,l congenitall bicuspidl valve,l &l inflammatoryl
damagel froml rheumaticl hrtl ds
-l CMl occurl whenl valvel isl <l 1l cml &l becomel severel whenl <0.l 5cml
-l narrowedl valvel preventsl outflowl ofl leftl ventl whichl resultsl inl ventl hypertrophyl whichl
canl leadl tol increasedl pressl &l voll inl leftl atriuml &l pulml htnl &l edema
-l forwardl flowl mayl bel decreasedl resultingl inl syncopel orl chestl painl
-l CMl decreasedl SV,l reducedl systolicl press,l narrowedl pulsel press,l decreasedl hrtl rt,l
crescendol decrescendol systolicl hrtl murmur
QUESTION
aorticl valvel regurgitation
Answer:
-l causedl byl aorticl rootl dilation,l endocarditits,l rheumaticl fever,l aorticl dissection,l
coarctationl ofl aorta,l aortitisl froml syphilis,l conn.l tiss.l ds,l appetitesl suppressantl meds,l
trauma,l orl ankylosingl spondylitis
-l incompententl closurel ofl aortal =l acute:l backl flol ofl bll intol leftl ventl causesl increasel
inl LVEDP,l al decreasel inl SBPl &l SV,l normall orl decreasedl pulsel press,l decreasedl COl
chronic:l LVEDPl normalizes,l leftl ventl hypertrophyl occurs,l SBPl increasedl andl DBPl
decreases,l COl isl norm,l pulsel pressl increased
-l voll &l pressl backl upl intol thel leftl atriuml &l pulml circulationl whichl isl markedl byl
earlyl diastolicl murmur
QUESTION
endocarditis
Answer:
-l inflammationl ofl thel endocardiuml thatl affectsl hrtl valves
, -l commonlyl causedl byl al staphl infectionl butl canl bel strep,l enterococci,l viruses,l fungal,l
rickettsia,l orl parasite
-l riskl fcts:l prosthesticl valve,l congentiall lesionl causingl turbulentl bll flo,l valvularl hrtl ds,l
IVl drugl use,l longl terml indwellingl cath,l prevl episodel ofl endocarditis,l PM
-CMl cardiacl murmur,l sepsis,l oslerl nodes,l weightl loss,l fever,l backl pain,l nightl sweats,l
arteriall emboli
QUESTION
pathol ofl endocarditis
Answer:
turbulentl bll flo->l damagel tol hrtl valves->l damagel exposesl endotheliall basementl memb->l
attractsl pltl thatl forml al thrombusl andl triggerl inflam.l process->l bactl adherel andl infiltratel
thrombus->l clottingl cascadel activatedl whichl acceleratesl fibrinl formationl tol forml
vegetation->vegetationl mayl breakl offl forml anl embolusl &l causel formationl ofl abscessl
causesl petechiea,l splinterl hemorrhagesl onl naill beds,l janewayl lesions
QUESTION
Leftl tol Rightl heartl shunts
Answer:
-l oxygenatedl bll froml leftl sidel mixesl withl rightl side
-l voll overloadl inl rightl sidel ofl hrtl leadingl tol pulml htnl ,l rightl ventl hypertrophy,l leftl
ventl hypertrophy,l &l anl eventuall reversall ofl thel shuntl knownl asl Eisenmengerl syndrome
QUESTION
ventricularl septall defects
Answer:
-l mostl commonl CHD
-communicationl inl interventricularl septuml allowingl thel bll tol movel froml leftl ventl tol
rightl vent
-l multl VSDl =l tetralogyl ofl fallot,l Cril dul chat,l fetall alcoholl syndrome
-l devl ofl atriall septall defects,l patentl ductusl arteriosus,l coarctationl ofl aorta,l aroticl valvel
stenosis
-l NB=l murmur
-l infants=l hrtl failurel andl lowl poorl wtl gain
-l adults=l pulml htn,l cyanosis,l clubbingl ,l holosytolicl murmur
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
CMl ofl hrtl failurel w/l reducedl ejectionl fraction
Answer:
-pulmonaryl edemal d/tl backl ofl bloodl &l highl pressuresl intol pulml circulation
-dyspnea,l orthopnea,l coughl w/l frothyl sputum,l fatigue,l decreasedl urinel outputl &l edema,l
cyanosis,l pulmonaryl rales,l pleurall effusion,l hypotensionl orl hypertension,l S3l gallop
QUESTION
hrtl failurel w/l preservedl ejectionl fraction
Answer:
-presencel ofl pulmonaryl congestionl w/l norml leftl systolicl EF,l SVl &l CO
-morel commonl inl womenl &l cuasedl byl hypertension-inducedl hypertrophyl orl myocardiall
ischemia
-l resultsl froml inabilityl ofl myocytesl tol activelyl pumpl Cal froml cytosoll whichl impairsl
ventl relaxation
-leftl orl rightl sidel ofl thel hrt
-l left:l leftl ventl unablel tol relaxl completelyl sol unablel tol filll w/ol resistancel &l increasel
inl walll tension->l ptl willl havel normall LVEDVl butl increasedl LVEDP->l increasesl pressl
inl pulml circulationl &l causesl pulml edemal ->l pulml HTNl &l rightl sidedl failurel develop-
>l tachycardial increasesl LVEDP
QUESTION
rightl sidedl heartl failure
Answer:
-failingl rightl ventl whichl resultsl inl itsl abilityl tol pumpl bll forwardl tol pulml circulation
,-l mostl commonl causel isl leftl sidedl failure
-pressl arel tool highl inl thel leftl vent,l backl flowl ofl bll intol pulml circulation,l causesl
higherl pressl inl pulml circulationl againstl whichl rightl ventl mustl pump->l rightl ventl isl
unablel tol effectivelyl pumpl againstl thel increasel inl pressl &l ultl dilatesl andl fails->l pressl
&l voll backl upl causingl rightl striall hypertrophy,l jugularl venousl distention,l
hepatospleomegaly,l peripherall edema
-l canl occurl w/ol leftl sidel usul r/tl primaryl lungl disorderl likel COPD,l cycticl fibrosis,l
ARDS,l pulml fibrosis,l pulml HTN,l rightl ventl MI,l cardiomyopathies,l orl pulml valvularl ds
QUESTION
atriall fibrillation
Answer:
-l riskl fcts-l hypertensivel hrtl ds,l CAD,l valvul Ll MNlarl hrtl ds,l hrtl failure,l hypertrophicl
cardiomyopathy,l congentiall hrtl ds,l gout,l CKD,l DM,l metabolicl syndrome,l &l obesity
-onsetl triggeredl by-cardiovascularl surgery,l acutel MI,l thyrotoxicosis,l pericardiall ds,l
hyperthyroidism,l pulml pathologies,l lowl Mgl andl caffeine
-l CMl dyspnea,l dizziness,l &l fatigue
QUESTION
mitrall valvel stenosis
Answer:
-l rheumaticl heartl disease
-l narrowingl ofl mitrall valvel tol <2.l 5l cm
-l increasedl voll andl pressurel inl thel leftl atrium=l atriall hypertrophyl &l dilationl
-l increasel pressurel &l voll inl pulml circulationl &l causel pulml edema
-l leadsl tol pulml htn,l rightl ventl failure
-l increasesl riskl forl devl afib
-l CMl dyspnea,l hempotysis,l atriall enlargement,l JVD,l afib,l dysphagia,l pull htn,l diastolicl
murmur
QUESTION
mitrall valvel regurgitation
Answer:
-incompletel closurel ofl thel mitrall valve
-l bll inl leftl ventl backsl upl intol thel leftl atriuml duringl ventl systole
,-l leadsl tol leftl atriall dilation/hypertrophy,l increasedl pull vascularl press,l voll overloadl &l
edema
-commonl causel isl mitl vavlel prolapse;l rupturesl papillaryl muscle,l endocarditis,l dialatedl
cardiomypathy,l myocarditits,l connl tissl disorders
-CMl dyspnea,l rales,l pansystolicl murmurl withl S3l &l S4l hrtl sounds
QUESTION
aorticl valvel stenosis
Answer:
-l causedl byl aoritcl valvel calcification,l congenitall bicuspidl valve,l &l inflammatoryl
damagel froml rheumaticl hrtl ds
-l CMl occurl whenl valvel isl <l 1l cml &l becomel severel whenl <0.l 5cml
-l narrowedl valvel preventsl outflowl ofl leftl ventl whichl resultsl inl ventl hypertrophyl whichl
canl leadl tol increasedl pressl &l voll inl leftl atriuml &l pulml htnl &l edema
-l forwardl flowl mayl bel decreasedl resultingl inl syncopel orl chestl painl
-l CMl decreasedl SV,l reducedl systolicl press,l narrowedl pulsel press,l decreasedl hrtl rt,l
crescendol decrescendol systolicl hrtl murmur
QUESTION
aorticl valvel regurgitation
Answer:
-l causedl byl aorticl rootl dilation,l endocarditits,l rheumaticl fever,l aorticl dissection,l
coarctationl ofl aorta,l aortitisl froml syphilis,l conn.l tiss.l ds,l appetitesl suppressantl meds,l
trauma,l orl ankylosingl spondylitis
-l incompententl closurel ofl aortal =l acute:l backl flol ofl bll intol leftl ventl causesl increasel
inl LVEDP,l al decreasel inl SBPl &l SV,l normall orl decreasedl pulsel press,l decreasedl COl
chronic:l LVEDPl normalizes,l leftl ventl hypertrophyl occurs,l SBPl increasedl andl DBPl
decreases,l COl isl norm,l pulsel pressl increased
-l voll &l pressl backl upl intol thel leftl atriuml &l pulml circulationl whichl isl markedl byl
earlyl diastolicl murmur
QUESTION
endocarditis
Answer:
-l inflammationl ofl thel endocardiuml thatl affectsl hrtl valves
, -l commonlyl causedl byl al staphl infectionl butl canl bel strep,l enterococci,l viruses,l fungal,l
rickettsia,l orl parasite
-l riskl fcts:l prosthesticl valve,l congentiall lesionl causingl turbulentl bll flo,l valvularl hrtl ds,l
IVl drugl use,l longl terml indwellingl cath,l prevl episodel ofl endocarditis,l PM
-CMl cardiacl murmur,l sepsis,l oslerl nodes,l weightl loss,l fever,l backl pain,l nightl sweats,l
arteriall emboli
QUESTION
pathol ofl endocarditis
Answer:
turbulentl bll flo->l damagel tol hrtl valves->l damagel exposesl endotheliall basementl memb->l
attractsl pltl thatl forml al thrombusl andl triggerl inflam.l process->l bactl adherel andl infiltratel
thrombus->l clottingl cascadel activatedl whichl acceleratesl fibrinl formationl tol forml
vegetation->vegetationl mayl breakl offl forml anl embolusl &l causel formationl ofl abscessl
causesl petechiea,l splinterl hemorrhagesl onl naill beds,l janewayl lesions
QUESTION
Leftl tol Rightl heartl shunts
Answer:
-l oxygenatedl bll froml leftl sidel mixesl withl rightl side
-l voll overloadl inl rightl sidel ofl hrtl leadingl tol pulml htnl ,l rightl ventl hypertrophy,l leftl
ventl hypertrophy,l &l anl eventuall reversall ofl thel shuntl knownl asl Eisenmengerl syndrome
QUESTION
ventricularl septall defects
Answer:
-l mostl commonl CHD
-communicationl inl interventricularl septuml allowingl thel bll tol movel froml leftl ventl tol
rightl vent
-l multl VSDl =l tetralogyl ofl fallot,l Cril dul chat,l fetall alcoholl syndrome
-l devl ofl atriall septall defects,l patentl ductusl arteriosus,l coarctationl ofl aorta,l aroticl valvel
stenosis
-l NB=l murmur
-l infants=l hrtl failurel andl lowl poorl wtl gain
-l adults=l pulml htn,l cyanosis,l clubbingl ,l holosytolicl murmur
