PN 2003 ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ changes to the cells of the body
Answer: -number of cells gradually reduced
-leaving fewer functional cells in the body
-lean body mass reduced
-fat tissue increase s until the sixth decade of life
-total body fat as a porpotion of the body composition increases.
-Cellular solids and bone mass are decreased
-Extracellular fluid remains failry constant
-where as intracellular fluid is decreased
-resulting in less total body fluid
-This decrease makes dehydration a significant risk to older adults
◉ Gastroinstestinal System age changes
Answer: -decreased taste sensation
-esophagus more dilated
-reduced saliva and salivary ptyalin
,-liver smaller in size
-reduced instestinal blood flow
-decreased esophageal motility
-atrophy of gastric mucosa
-decreased stomach motility, hunger contractions, and emptying
time
-less production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic
enzymes
- fewer cells on absorbing surface of intestines
-slower peristalisis
-tongue atrophies
-there is thinning of oral mucosa and a weakening of the muscles
involved in mastication
reduced elasticity of stomach
stomach has a higher ph
◉ Urinary System aging
Answer: -decreased size of renal mass
-decreased tubuler function
-decreased bladder capacity
-decrease in nephrons
-betweenages 20 and 90, renal blood flow decreases 53% and
glomerular filtration rate decreases 50
,-weaker bladder muscles
-nocturia
-weak bladder muscles
◉ ageing of the female reproductive system
Answer: -fallopian tubes atrophy and shorten
-ovaries become thicker and smaller
-cervix becomes smaller
-drier less elastic vaginal canal
-flattening of labia
-endocervical epithelium atrophies
-uterus becomes smaller in size
-endometrium atrophies
-more alkaline vaginal environment
-loss of vulvar subcutaneous fat and hair
-vulva atrophy
-vaginal epithelium becomes thin
-cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries atrophy
-uterus and overies decrease in size
- breasts sag and less firm
-some retraction of nipples
-fibrosis and calcification of the terminal ducts
, ◉ Aging of the male reproductive system
Answer: -fluid-retaining capacity of seminal vesicles reduces
-possible reduction in sperm count
-venous and arterial sclerosis of penis
-prostate enlarges in most men
-seminal vesicles having a thinner epithelium
-replacement of muscle with connective tissue
-structural changes in the seminiferous tubules include fibrosis,
thinning of epithelium,thickening of the basement membrane
-narrowing of the lumen
-atrophy of the testes
-reduction is testicular mass
-more time required for an erection
◉ aging musculoskeletal system
Answer: -muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle movements
decreased
-age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function= sarcopenia
- tendons shrink and harden
-reflexes are lessened in the arms and nearly lost in abdomen
-shortening of vertebrae
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ changes to the cells of the body
Answer: -number of cells gradually reduced
-leaving fewer functional cells in the body
-lean body mass reduced
-fat tissue increase s until the sixth decade of life
-total body fat as a porpotion of the body composition increases.
-Cellular solids and bone mass are decreased
-Extracellular fluid remains failry constant
-where as intracellular fluid is decreased
-resulting in less total body fluid
-This decrease makes dehydration a significant risk to older adults
◉ Gastroinstestinal System age changes
Answer: -decreased taste sensation
-esophagus more dilated
-reduced saliva and salivary ptyalin
,-liver smaller in size
-reduced instestinal blood flow
-decreased esophageal motility
-atrophy of gastric mucosa
-decreased stomach motility, hunger contractions, and emptying
time
-less production of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, and pancreatic
enzymes
- fewer cells on absorbing surface of intestines
-slower peristalisis
-tongue atrophies
-there is thinning of oral mucosa and a weakening of the muscles
involved in mastication
reduced elasticity of stomach
stomach has a higher ph
◉ Urinary System aging
Answer: -decreased size of renal mass
-decreased tubuler function
-decreased bladder capacity
-decrease in nephrons
-betweenages 20 and 90, renal blood flow decreases 53% and
glomerular filtration rate decreases 50
,-weaker bladder muscles
-nocturia
-weak bladder muscles
◉ ageing of the female reproductive system
Answer: -fallopian tubes atrophy and shorten
-ovaries become thicker and smaller
-cervix becomes smaller
-drier less elastic vaginal canal
-flattening of labia
-endocervical epithelium atrophies
-uterus becomes smaller in size
-endometrium atrophies
-more alkaline vaginal environment
-loss of vulvar subcutaneous fat and hair
-vulva atrophy
-vaginal epithelium becomes thin
-cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries atrophy
-uterus and overies decrease in size
- breasts sag and less firm
-some retraction of nipples
-fibrosis and calcification of the terminal ducts
, ◉ Aging of the male reproductive system
Answer: -fluid-retaining capacity of seminal vesicles reduces
-possible reduction in sperm count
-venous and arterial sclerosis of penis
-prostate enlarges in most men
-seminal vesicles having a thinner epithelium
-replacement of muscle with connective tissue
-structural changes in the seminiferous tubules include fibrosis,
thinning of epithelium,thickening of the basement membrane
-narrowing of the lumen
-atrophy of the testes
-reduction is testicular mass
-more time required for an erection
◉ aging musculoskeletal system
Answer: -muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle movements
decreased
-age related loss of muscle mass, strength and function= sarcopenia
- tendons shrink and harden
-reflexes are lessened in the arms and nearly lost in abdomen
-shortening of vertebrae
