BIOD 151 FINAL EXAM PREP 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE
◉ Dopamine. Answer: Neurotransmitter involved in reward,
motivation, and motor control.
◉ Serotonin. Answer: Neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, and
appetite.
◉ Cognition. Answer: Brain's ability to process complex info, reason,
remember, and learn.
◉ Synaptic plasticity. Answer: Ability of synapses to strengthen or
weaken over time.
◉ Long-term potentiation (LTP). Answer: Persistent strengthening
of synapses after repeated stimulation; basis of learning and
memory.
◉ Electroencephalogram (EEG). Answer: Records electrical activity
of the brain.
,◉ Sleep. Answer: State of rest critical for memory consolidation and
brain function.
◉ Striated vs smooth muscle. Answer: Striated: Skeletal & cardiac;
striped appearance; voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac).
Smooth: Found in walls of organs; non-striated; involuntary.
◉ Skeletal vs cardiac muscle. Answer: Skeletal: Voluntary,
multinucleated, attached to bones. Cardiac: Involuntary, branched,
intercalated discs for coordinated contraction.
◉ Smooth muscle. Answer: Found in walls of organs; non-striated;
involuntary.
◉ Skeletal muscle. Answer: Voluntary, multinucleated, attached to
bones.
◉ Cardiac muscle. Answer: Involuntary, branched, intercalated discs
for coordinated contraction.
◉ Muscle bundle (fascicle). Answer: Bundle of muscle fibers.
◉ Muscle fiber (cell). Answer: Single muscle cell; contains
myofibrils.
, ◉ Myofibril. Answer: Contractile element inside muscle fiber;
composed of sarcomeres.
◉ Thick filaments. Answer: Myosin.
◉ Thin filaments. Answer: Actin, tropomyosin, troponin.
◉ Actin. Answer: Thin filament protein; interacts with myosin for
contraction.
◉ Myosin. Answer: Thick filament protein; motor protein for
contraction.
◉ Troponin. Answer: Binds Ca²⁺; moves tropomyosin to expose actin
binding sites.
◉ Tropomyosin. Answer: Blocks actin binding sites at rest.
◉ Sarcomere. Answer: Functional contractile unit of muscle.
◉ Z-disc. Answer: Defines sarcomere boundaries.
QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE
◉ Dopamine. Answer: Neurotransmitter involved in reward,
motivation, and motor control.
◉ Serotonin. Answer: Neurotransmitter involved in mood, sleep, and
appetite.
◉ Cognition. Answer: Brain's ability to process complex info, reason,
remember, and learn.
◉ Synaptic plasticity. Answer: Ability of synapses to strengthen or
weaken over time.
◉ Long-term potentiation (LTP). Answer: Persistent strengthening
of synapses after repeated stimulation; basis of learning and
memory.
◉ Electroencephalogram (EEG). Answer: Records electrical activity
of the brain.
,◉ Sleep. Answer: State of rest critical for memory consolidation and
brain function.
◉ Striated vs smooth muscle. Answer: Striated: Skeletal & cardiac;
striped appearance; voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac).
Smooth: Found in walls of organs; non-striated; involuntary.
◉ Skeletal vs cardiac muscle. Answer: Skeletal: Voluntary,
multinucleated, attached to bones. Cardiac: Involuntary, branched,
intercalated discs for coordinated contraction.
◉ Smooth muscle. Answer: Found in walls of organs; non-striated;
involuntary.
◉ Skeletal muscle. Answer: Voluntary, multinucleated, attached to
bones.
◉ Cardiac muscle. Answer: Involuntary, branched, intercalated discs
for coordinated contraction.
◉ Muscle bundle (fascicle). Answer: Bundle of muscle fibers.
◉ Muscle fiber (cell). Answer: Single muscle cell; contains
myofibrils.
, ◉ Myofibril. Answer: Contractile element inside muscle fiber;
composed of sarcomeres.
◉ Thick filaments. Answer: Myosin.
◉ Thin filaments. Answer: Actin, tropomyosin, troponin.
◉ Actin. Answer: Thin filament protein; interacts with myosin for
contraction.
◉ Myosin. Answer: Thick filament protein; motor protein for
contraction.
◉ Troponin. Answer: Binds Ca²⁺; moves tropomyosin to expose actin
binding sites.
◉ Tropomyosin. Answer: Blocks actin binding sites at rest.
◉ Sarcomere. Answer: Functional contractile unit of muscle.
◉ Z-disc. Answer: Defines sarcomere boundaries.
