PHGY 215 – FINAL 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION EXAMS COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
◉ So when are the pressure-operated valves in the heart
open/closed?
Answer: Open: pressure is greater behind the valve, it opens
Closed: When pressure is greater in front of the valve, it closes (one
way valve)
◉ What are the type types of valves in the heart?
Answer: 1. Atrioventricular valves
2. Semilunar valves
◉ Where are the atrioventricular valves located? What are the two
valves?
Answer: Between the atria and the ventricles; the right AV valve is
the tricuspid valve (three leaflets) and then left AV valve is called the
bicuspid valve (two leaflets), also known as the mitral valve
◉ When do atrioventricular valves open? What happens?
Answer: When the pressure inside the atria is greater than in the
ventricles they open and blood flows from atria into the ventricles;
,valves close when ventricular pressure increases to more than
pressure in atria
◉ What are these valves connected to to prevent them from
everting?
Answer: Papillary muscles (muscles located in the ventricles of the
heart) of ventricular walls via chordae tendineae (cord-like tendons
that connect papillary muscles to the AV valves in the heart, heart
strings)
◉ Where are the semilunar valves located?
Answer: Between ventricles and arteries leaving them
◉ What are the two semilunar valves? Where are they?
Answer: 1. Pulmonary valve: lies between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
2. Aortic valve: lies between left ventricle and the aorta
◉ Difference between semilunar valves and AV valves?
Answer: They both has three leaflets, there is no chordae tendineae;
shape of valves alone prevent them from inverting when arterial
pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
◉ What are the two forms of VHD? (Valvular heart disease)
, Answer: 1. Regurgitation: valve does not close properly causing
blood flow back into the compartment from where it came (causes
decrease in blood leaving the heart, volume overload causes stress
of walls of compartment leading to cardiac failure)
2. Stenosis: narrowing of the valve due to thickening or
inflammation of valve (inhibits flow of blood out of ventricle or atria,
heart pumps with increase force)
◉ Key features of cardiac muscle
Answer: 1. Striated with thick and thin filaments organized into
sarcomeres
2. Troponin and tropomyosin as primary site where calcium
activates cross-bridge activity
3. T-tubules and SR
4. Lots of mitochondria
5. Well defined length-tension relationship
6. Calcium comes from ECF and SR
7. Interconnected by gap junction to allow spread of excitation
8. Innervated by ANS to modify rate and strength of contraction
9. Muscle fibres connected in branched manner
◉ What are intercalated discs?
EVALUATION EXAMS COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
◉ So when are the pressure-operated valves in the heart
open/closed?
Answer: Open: pressure is greater behind the valve, it opens
Closed: When pressure is greater in front of the valve, it closes (one
way valve)
◉ What are the type types of valves in the heart?
Answer: 1. Atrioventricular valves
2. Semilunar valves
◉ Where are the atrioventricular valves located? What are the two
valves?
Answer: Between the atria and the ventricles; the right AV valve is
the tricuspid valve (three leaflets) and then left AV valve is called the
bicuspid valve (two leaflets), also known as the mitral valve
◉ When do atrioventricular valves open? What happens?
Answer: When the pressure inside the atria is greater than in the
ventricles they open and blood flows from atria into the ventricles;
,valves close when ventricular pressure increases to more than
pressure in atria
◉ What are these valves connected to to prevent them from
everting?
Answer: Papillary muscles (muscles located in the ventricles of the
heart) of ventricular walls via chordae tendineae (cord-like tendons
that connect papillary muscles to the AV valves in the heart, heart
strings)
◉ Where are the semilunar valves located?
Answer: Between ventricles and arteries leaving them
◉ What are the two semilunar valves? Where are they?
Answer: 1. Pulmonary valve: lies between the right ventricle and the
pulmonary artery
2. Aortic valve: lies between left ventricle and the aorta
◉ Difference between semilunar valves and AV valves?
Answer: They both has three leaflets, there is no chordae tendineae;
shape of valves alone prevent them from inverting when arterial
pressure is greater than ventricular pressure
◉ What are the two forms of VHD? (Valvular heart disease)
, Answer: 1. Regurgitation: valve does not close properly causing
blood flow back into the compartment from where it came (causes
decrease in blood leaving the heart, volume overload causes stress
of walls of compartment leading to cardiac failure)
2. Stenosis: narrowing of the valve due to thickening or
inflammation of valve (inhibits flow of blood out of ventricle or atria,
heart pumps with increase force)
◉ Key features of cardiac muscle
Answer: 1. Striated with thick and thin filaments organized into
sarcomeres
2. Troponin and tropomyosin as primary site where calcium
activates cross-bridge activity
3. T-tubules and SR
4. Lots of mitochondria
5. Well defined length-tension relationship
6. Calcium comes from ECF and SR
7. Interconnected by gap junction to allow spread of excitation
8. Innervated by ANS to modify rate and strength of contraction
9. Muscle fibres connected in branched manner
◉ What are intercalated discs?
