PHGY 215 – MIDTERM 2026 CERTIFICATION
EVALUATION EXAMS COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
◉ exocytosis.
Answer: membrane formed within the cell fuses with plasma
membrane and releases its contents
mechanism to release large polar molecules, allows cell to move
proteins
◉ what causes excitable cells?.
Answer: difference in ion concentrations (Na, K) between inside and
outside of cells
◉ ion channels.
Answer: large transmembrane protein, allows ions to enter or exit
◉ voltage gated ion channels.
Answer: open and close in response to changes in membrane
potential
◉ mechanically gated ion channels.
,Answer: open due to mechanical deformations such as stretch
◉ thermally gated ion channels.
Answer: respond to changes in temperature
◉ RMP.
Answer: resting membrane potential (-70mV)
◉ graded potential.
Answer: local changes in membrane potential used for short
distance signalling
◉ hyperpolarization.
Answer: more negative than RMP
◉ action potential.
Answer: caused by triggering event or stimulus that reaches a
certain potential
results in localized depolarization that is propagated through the
membrane
◉ ion channel structure.
,Answer: 4 potassium subunits
1 sodium activation gation
1 sodium inactivation gation
◉ 3 parts of the neuron.
Answer: axon, dendrite, cell body
◉ 4 zones of a neuron.
Answer: input zone
trigger zone
conducting zone
output zone
◉ input zone.
Answer: where incoming signals are received
◉ trigger zone.
Answer: where action potentials are initiated
◉ conducting zone.
Answer: where action potentials are conducted to their target
location
, ◉ output zone.
Answer: releases chemical signals
◉ dendrites.
Answer: projections from the cell body that receive electrical and
chemical inputs
◉ cell body.
Answer: location of the nucleus and other organelles
◉ axon hillock.
Answer: where the axon leaves the cell body
◉ axon.
Answer: tubular extension that conducts the action potential away
from the cell body
◉ axon terminals.
Answer: release chemical messengers to communicate with other
cells
EVALUATION EXAMS COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
◉ exocytosis.
Answer: membrane formed within the cell fuses with plasma
membrane and releases its contents
mechanism to release large polar molecules, allows cell to move
proteins
◉ what causes excitable cells?.
Answer: difference in ion concentrations (Na, K) between inside and
outside of cells
◉ ion channels.
Answer: large transmembrane protein, allows ions to enter or exit
◉ voltage gated ion channels.
Answer: open and close in response to changes in membrane
potential
◉ mechanically gated ion channels.
,Answer: open due to mechanical deformations such as stretch
◉ thermally gated ion channels.
Answer: respond to changes in temperature
◉ RMP.
Answer: resting membrane potential (-70mV)
◉ graded potential.
Answer: local changes in membrane potential used for short
distance signalling
◉ hyperpolarization.
Answer: more negative than RMP
◉ action potential.
Answer: caused by triggering event or stimulus that reaches a
certain potential
results in localized depolarization that is propagated through the
membrane
◉ ion channel structure.
,Answer: 4 potassium subunits
1 sodium activation gation
1 sodium inactivation gation
◉ 3 parts of the neuron.
Answer: axon, dendrite, cell body
◉ 4 zones of a neuron.
Answer: input zone
trigger zone
conducting zone
output zone
◉ input zone.
Answer: where incoming signals are received
◉ trigger zone.
Answer: where action potentials are initiated
◉ conducting zone.
Answer: where action potentials are conducted to their target
location
, ◉ output zone.
Answer: releases chemical signals
◉ dendrites.
Answer: projections from the cell body that receive electrical and
chemical inputs
◉ cell body.
Answer: location of the nucleus and other organelles
◉ axon hillock.
Answer: where the axon leaves the cell body
◉ axon.
Answer: tubular extension that conducts the action potential away
from the cell body
◉ axon terminals.
Answer: release chemical messengers to communicate with other
cells
