PHGY 215 – MIDTERM 2026 EXAM SCRIPT TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ set point.
Answer: the range or point at which a physiological state tends to
stabilize
◉ 3 components of homeotic control.
Answer: sensor, integrator, effector
◉ Intrinsic regulation.
Answer: local or autoregulation
◉ extrinsic regulation.
Answer: regulation mechanisms are outside the tissue or organ
◉ Negative feedback.
Answer: changes cause an effector to respond in the opposite
direction
i.e. food causes blood sugar to go up, pancreas creates insulin to
make the blood sugar go down
,◉ Roles of the plasma membrane.
Answer: regulate fluid composition
allows nutrients in, waste out
enables communication
joins cells together
◉ 3 primary functions of the plasma membrane.
Answer: ensure survival
protection
cooperation and coordination with other cells
◉ 3 components of the plasma membrane.
Answer: phospholipids
cholesterol
ion channels
◉ 3 things that hold cells together.
Answer: Extracellular matrix
cell adhesion molecules
cell junctions
,◉ what is are the main protein fibers in the extracellular matrix.
Answer: elastin, collagen, fibronectin
◉ What is the purpose of fibronectin?.
Answer: promotes cell adhesion
◉ cell junction types.
Answer: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctons
◉ desmosomes.
Answer: anchor adjacent cells
◉ tight junctions.
Answer: tight seal, found in epithelial cells
◉ gap junction.
Answer: allows passage of material through, communication
common in smooth and cardiac muscle
◉ What kind of substances can readily cross the plasma membrane?.
Answer: uncharged, small molecules
, ◉ What are the transport methods?.
Answer: passive
active
◉ Example of passive transport.
Answer: diffusion, facilitated diffusion
◉ Example of active transport.
Answer: carrier mediated transport, vesicular transport
◉ Two forces underlying the movement of water.
Answer: osmotic pressure
hydro-static pressure
◉ What is osmotic pressure.
Answer: pressure coming from a gradient/concentration difference
◉ what is hydrostatic pressure?.
Answer: pressure from water volume
◉ Facilitated diffusion.
Answer: no energy needed, carrier needed
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS GRADED
A+
◉ set point.
Answer: the range or point at which a physiological state tends to
stabilize
◉ 3 components of homeotic control.
Answer: sensor, integrator, effector
◉ Intrinsic regulation.
Answer: local or autoregulation
◉ extrinsic regulation.
Answer: regulation mechanisms are outside the tissue or organ
◉ Negative feedback.
Answer: changes cause an effector to respond in the opposite
direction
i.e. food causes blood sugar to go up, pancreas creates insulin to
make the blood sugar go down
,◉ Roles of the plasma membrane.
Answer: regulate fluid composition
allows nutrients in, waste out
enables communication
joins cells together
◉ 3 primary functions of the plasma membrane.
Answer: ensure survival
protection
cooperation and coordination with other cells
◉ 3 components of the plasma membrane.
Answer: phospholipids
cholesterol
ion channels
◉ 3 things that hold cells together.
Answer: Extracellular matrix
cell adhesion molecules
cell junctions
,◉ what is are the main protein fibers in the extracellular matrix.
Answer: elastin, collagen, fibronectin
◉ What is the purpose of fibronectin?.
Answer: promotes cell adhesion
◉ cell junction types.
Answer: tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctons
◉ desmosomes.
Answer: anchor adjacent cells
◉ tight junctions.
Answer: tight seal, found in epithelial cells
◉ gap junction.
Answer: allows passage of material through, communication
common in smooth and cardiac muscle
◉ What kind of substances can readily cross the plasma membrane?.
Answer: uncharged, small molecules
, ◉ What are the transport methods?.
Answer: passive
active
◉ Example of passive transport.
Answer: diffusion, facilitated diffusion
◉ Example of active transport.
Answer: carrier mediated transport, vesicular transport
◉ Two forces underlying the movement of water.
Answer: osmotic pressure
hydro-static pressure
◉ What is osmotic pressure.
Answer: pressure coming from a gradient/concentration difference
◉ what is hydrostatic pressure?.
Answer: pressure from water volume
◉ Facilitated diffusion.
Answer: no energy needed, carrier needed
