NR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) Q&A 2026/2027 |INSTANT
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1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when skeletal muscle
increases in size after regular weight training?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload. Skeletal muscle fibers enlarge because
they cannot significantly increase in number.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Fat necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: C. Coagulative necrosis
,Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture
temporarily and is characteristic of ischemic injury to solid
organs such as the heart and kidneys.
3. Which intracellular electrolyte is the most abundant?
A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major intracellular cation and plays
an essential role in nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction.
4. A patient has a pH of 7.30 and PaCO₂ of 55 mmHg. Which
acid-base disorder is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Elevated carbon dioxide with a decreased pH
indicates respiratory acidosis caused by hypoventilation.
,5. Which immune cell differentiates into plasma cells?
A. T lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. B lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
Correct Answer: C. B lymphocyte
Rationale: Activated B lymphocytes mature into plasma cells
that produce antibodies.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Interleukin-1
C. Dopamine
D. Bradykinin
Correct Answer: B. Interleukin-1
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase body
temperature during inflammatory responses.
7. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
, C. Apoptosis
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is an organized, genetically regulated
process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without
causing inflammation.
8. Which condition is a common cause of hypovolemic shock?
A. Heart failure
B. Severe hemorrhage
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Septicemia
Correct Answer: B. Severe hemorrhage
Rationale: Blood loss decreases circulating volume, reducing
cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
9. Which white blood cell is most abundant during an acute
bacterial infection?
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Monocytes
Correct Answer: C. Neutrophils
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
(VERIFIED ANSWERS) Q&A 2026/2027 |INSTANT
DOWNLOAD PDF
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when skeletal muscle
increases in size after regular weight training?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to
increased workload. Skeletal muscle fibers enlarge because
they cannot significantly increase in number.
2. Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with
myocardial infarction?
A. Fat necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Caseous necrosis
Correct Answer: C. Coagulative necrosis
,Rationale: Coagulative necrosis preserves tissue architecture
temporarily and is characteristic of ischemic injury to solid
organs such as the heart and kidneys.
3. Which intracellular electrolyte is the most abundant?
A. Sodium
B. Chloride
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C. Potassium
Rationale: Potassium is the major intracellular cation and plays
an essential role in nerve impulse transmission and muscle
contraction.
4. A patient has a pH of 7.30 and PaCO₂ of 55 mmHg. Which
acid-base disorder is present?
A. Metabolic acidosis
B. Respiratory acidosis
C. Respiratory alkalosis
D. Metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: B. Respiratory acidosis
Rationale: Elevated carbon dioxide with a decreased pH
indicates respiratory acidosis caused by hypoventilation.
,5. Which immune cell differentiates into plasma cells?
A. T lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. B lymphocyte
D. Macrophage
Correct Answer: C. B lymphocyte
Rationale: Activated B lymphocytes mature into plasma cells
that produce antibodies.
6. Which cytokine is primarily responsible for fever during
inflammation?
A. Histamine
B. Interleukin-1
C. Dopamine
D. Bradykinin
Correct Answer: B. Interleukin-1
Rationale: IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to increase body
temperature during inflammatory responses.
7. Which process describes programmed cell death?
A. Necrosis
B. Atrophy
, C. Apoptosis
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C. Apoptosis
Rationale: Apoptosis is an organized, genetically regulated
process that removes damaged or unnecessary cells without
causing inflammation.
8. Which condition is a common cause of hypovolemic shock?
A. Heart failure
B. Severe hemorrhage
C. Pulmonary embolism
D. Septicemia
Correct Answer: B. Severe hemorrhage
Rationale: Blood loss decreases circulating volume, reducing
cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
9. Which white blood cell is most abundant during an acute
bacterial infection?
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Monocytes
Correct Answer: C. Neutrophils
