CSB601 Exam 1 Questions with Correct
Answers
SABA
Short-Acting Beta-Agonists
Salbutamol (Ventolin®, Asmol®), Terbutaline (Bricanyl®)
Acute symptom relief, pre-exercise
Beta-2 agonist → bronchodilation
ADR: Tremor, tachycardia, headache, hypokalemia
Caution in CVD, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, PACG, with sympathomimetics, corticosteroids,
theophylline, diuretics
Liver
LABA
Long-Acting Beta-Agonists
Salmeterol (Serevent®, Seretide®), Eformoterol (Oxis®, Symbicort®), Indacaterol
(Onbrez®)
Maintenance/prevention Beta-2 agonist → prolonged bronchodilation
,ADR: Palpitations, tremor, muscle cramps, headache
Caution in CVD, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, PACG, with sympathomimetics, corticosteroids,
theophylline, diuretics
. not for rescue use; limited pregnancy data
Liver
ICS
Inhaled Corticosteroids
Beclomethasone (QVAR®), Budesonide (Pulmicort®), Fluticasone (Flixotide®, Breo®)
Maintenance/prevention
Anti-inflammatory, reduces airway hyperreactivity
ADR: Oral thrush, hoarseness, cough, skin thinning (elderly)
Caution in COPD (pneumonia risk), elderly, high doses in children
Liver
Anticholinergics
Ipratropium (SAMA), Tiotropium (LAMA)
Severe asthma, adjunct therapy
,Muscarinic antagonist → bronchodilation
ADR: Dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision
Caution in PACG, bladder obstruction, elderly; LAMAs not for children
Liver
Asthma Pathophysiology
-Chronic Inflammatory Disease: Asthma is characterized by persistent inflammation of the
airways.
-Immune Activation: Triggered by allergens or irritants → IgE-mediated activation of mast
cells.
-Inflammatory Mediators: Release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins leads to:
Increased mucus production Bronchial wall thickening Airway hyperresponsiveness
Symptoms: Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness Cough
Expiratory airflow limitation
Asthma Non-Pharmacological Management
1. Smoking Cessation
Essential to reduce airway irritation and inflammation.
2. Trigger Avoidance
Identify and avoid environmental, chemical, and emotional triggers.
3. Management of Comorbidities
, Allergies, respiratory infections, and other chronic conditions should be controlled.
4. Healthy Lifestyle
Balanced diet and maintaining a healthy body weight.
5. Regular Physical Activity
Encouraged, with pre-exercise medication if needed.
6. Immunisations
Stay up to date with flu and pneumococcal vaccines to prevent respiratory infections.
7. Education and Self-Management
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Pathophysiology
Monoamine Deficiency Hypothesis: Initially attributed to low levels of serotonin (5HT) and
noradrenaline (NA) in the brain.
Expanded Understanding: Involves dopamine (DA), glutamate, brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, and melatonin. Neuronal connectivity is impaired
in mood-regulating brain regions. Reduced hippocampal volume due to imbalance between
BDNF (growth) and glutamate (neurotoxicity). Monoamines are degraded
by MAO and COMT, or reabsorbed via reuptake transporters.
Signs and Symptoms
Persistent depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities (anhedonia)
Lethargy or fatigue
Appetite and weight changes
Answers
SABA
Short-Acting Beta-Agonists
Salbutamol (Ventolin®, Asmol®), Terbutaline (Bricanyl®)
Acute symptom relief, pre-exercise
Beta-2 agonist → bronchodilation
ADR: Tremor, tachycardia, headache, hypokalemia
Caution in CVD, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, PACG, with sympathomimetics, corticosteroids,
theophylline, diuretics
Liver
LABA
Long-Acting Beta-Agonists
Salmeterol (Serevent®, Seretide®), Eformoterol (Oxis®, Symbicort®), Indacaterol
(Onbrez®)
Maintenance/prevention Beta-2 agonist → prolonged bronchodilation
,ADR: Palpitations, tremor, muscle cramps, headache
Caution in CVD, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, PACG, with sympathomimetics, corticosteroids,
theophylline, diuretics
. not for rescue use; limited pregnancy data
Liver
ICS
Inhaled Corticosteroids
Beclomethasone (QVAR®), Budesonide (Pulmicort®), Fluticasone (Flixotide®, Breo®)
Maintenance/prevention
Anti-inflammatory, reduces airway hyperreactivity
ADR: Oral thrush, hoarseness, cough, skin thinning (elderly)
Caution in COPD (pneumonia risk), elderly, high doses in children
Liver
Anticholinergics
Ipratropium (SAMA), Tiotropium (LAMA)
Severe asthma, adjunct therapy
,Muscarinic antagonist → bronchodilation
ADR: Dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision
Caution in PACG, bladder obstruction, elderly; LAMAs not for children
Liver
Asthma Pathophysiology
-Chronic Inflammatory Disease: Asthma is characterized by persistent inflammation of the
airways.
-Immune Activation: Triggered by allergens or irritants → IgE-mediated activation of mast
cells.
-Inflammatory Mediators: Release of histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins leads to:
Increased mucus production Bronchial wall thickening Airway hyperresponsiveness
Symptoms: Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness Cough
Expiratory airflow limitation
Asthma Non-Pharmacological Management
1. Smoking Cessation
Essential to reduce airway irritation and inflammation.
2. Trigger Avoidance
Identify and avoid environmental, chemical, and emotional triggers.
3. Management of Comorbidities
, Allergies, respiratory infections, and other chronic conditions should be controlled.
4. Healthy Lifestyle
Balanced diet and maintaining a healthy body weight.
5. Regular Physical Activity
Encouraged, with pre-exercise medication if needed.
6. Immunisations
Stay up to date with flu and pneumococcal vaccines to prevent respiratory infections.
7. Education and Self-Management
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Pathophysiology
Monoamine Deficiency Hypothesis: Initially attributed to low levels of serotonin (5HT) and
noradrenaline (NA) in the brain.
Expanded Understanding: Involves dopamine (DA), glutamate, brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cortisol, and melatonin. Neuronal connectivity is impaired
in mood-regulating brain regions. Reduced hippocampal volume due to imbalance between
BDNF (growth) and glutamate (neurotoxicity). Monoamines are degraded
by MAO and COMT, or reabsorbed via reuptake transporters.
Signs and Symptoms
Persistent depressed mood
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities (anhedonia)
Lethargy or fatigue
Appetite and weight changes
