soc109 Final Test Questions and
Answers All Verified.
Strain Theory - Answer When society puts pressure on individuals to reach goals
Social Learning - Answer We learn the norms, values, and motivations engage in crime and
deviance.
Social Disorganization Theory - Answer undermines or hinders informal social controls within
the community and neighborhood, thus allowing high rates of crime to occur
Differential Association Theory - Answer Crime is learned from normal processes (law-abiding
and law breaking)
Differential Reinforcement - Answer Behaviour can be learned either directly or indirectly and
is reinforced through both positive rewards and negative stimuli
Concentric Zone Theory - Answer Argues that social problems are spatially distributed and
neighbourhood characteristics are the most important determinant of social problems
Differential Opportunity - Answer Youth from low socioeconomic backgrounds with less
opportunities for success will use any means to achieve success - can lead to subcultures
Social Bonding Theory - Answer Crime from weakening of ties to society
Self-Control Theory - Answer Crimes from low self control and risk-taking and impulsive
behaviours
Critical Feminism - Answer Focus on women's role (liberal, marxist, radical) standpoint
theory, epistemology → empathy
There's no such thing as 'neutral'
Rational Choice Theory - Answer Hedonic calculus, rewards vs consequences
Routine Activities Theory - Answer Crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, a
suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian. Offender may routinely search for places
that are easy targets for robbery. (Neighbourhood watch/alarm systems are used to prevent
unoccupied home security)
, Modern Deterrence Theory - Answer Criminal penalties do not just punish violators, but also
discourage other people from committing similar offenses
Positivism - Answer Using scientific to study law and predict behaviour, determinism
Classical Theory - Answer Crime is a free-will decision to make a criminal choice (weighs min.
pain and max. pleasure)
Normative Approach - Answer Studies group dynamics, deterrence from
morality/internalized obligations
Legitimacy (motherly compassion)
Define Criminalization - Answer The process in which behaviours and individuals are turned
into crime and criminals due to illegality
Define Deviance - Answer any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social
norms in the society or group in which it occurs
Subcultural Theories - Answer Focus on learned behaviour rather than the process of
learning the behaviour (deviance is normative in lower class cultures)
Social Structural Theories - Answer Explore how issues like concentrated poverty, family
relations, our peer-groups, and blocked opportunities contribute to criminalization
Social Process Theory - Answer explore how the process of socialization contributes to
involvement with criminality and deviance
Social Conflict Theory - Answer Individuals and groups within society interact on the basis of
conflict rather than consensus
Social Stratification Theory - Answer Society divided into social groups by class
Define Consensus - Answer Agreement in society
Define Pluralistic Law - Answer Where two or more legal systems coexist in the same
jurisdiction
Answers All Verified.
Strain Theory - Answer When society puts pressure on individuals to reach goals
Social Learning - Answer We learn the norms, values, and motivations engage in crime and
deviance.
Social Disorganization Theory - Answer undermines or hinders informal social controls within
the community and neighborhood, thus allowing high rates of crime to occur
Differential Association Theory - Answer Crime is learned from normal processes (law-abiding
and law breaking)
Differential Reinforcement - Answer Behaviour can be learned either directly or indirectly and
is reinforced through both positive rewards and negative stimuli
Concentric Zone Theory - Answer Argues that social problems are spatially distributed and
neighbourhood characteristics are the most important determinant of social problems
Differential Opportunity - Answer Youth from low socioeconomic backgrounds with less
opportunities for success will use any means to achieve success - can lead to subcultures
Social Bonding Theory - Answer Crime from weakening of ties to society
Self-Control Theory - Answer Crimes from low self control and risk-taking and impulsive
behaviours
Critical Feminism - Answer Focus on women's role (liberal, marxist, radical) standpoint
theory, epistemology → empathy
There's no such thing as 'neutral'
Rational Choice Theory - Answer Hedonic calculus, rewards vs consequences
Routine Activities Theory - Answer Crime occurs when there is a motivated offender, a
suitable target and the absence of a capable guardian. Offender may routinely search for places
that are easy targets for robbery. (Neighbourhood watch/alarm systems are used to prevent
unoccupied home security)
, Modern Deterrence Theory - Answer Criminal penalties do not just punish violators, but also
discourage other people from committing similar offenses
Positivism - Answer Using scientific to study law and predict behaviour, determinism
Classical Theory - Answer Crime is a free-will decision to make a criminal choice (weighs min.
pain and max. pleasure)
Normative Approach - Answer Studies group dynamics, deterrence from
morality/internalized obligations
Legitimacy (motherly compassion)
Define Criminalization - Answer The process in which behaviours and individuals are turned
into crime and criminals due to illegality
Define Deviance - Answer any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social
norms in the society or group in which it occurs
Subcultural Theories - Answer Focus on learned behaviour rather than the process of
learning the behaviour (deviance is normative in lower class cultures)
Social Structural Theories - Answer Explore how issues like concentrated poverty, family
relations, our peer-groups, and blocked opportunities contribute to criminalization
Social Process Theory - Answer explore how the process of socialization contributes to
involvement with criminality and deviance
Social Conflict Theory - Answer Individuals and groups within society interact on the basis of
conflict rather than consensus
Social Stratification Theory - Answer Society divided into social groups by class
Define Consensus - Answer Agreement in society
Define Pluralistic Law - Answer Where two or more legal systems coexist in the same
jurisdiction
