RNR 2102 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Digital Elevation Models - ✔✔What is this term?
3D representation of a terrain's surface
✔✔United States Geological Survey - ✔✔What does USGS stand for?
✔✔7.5 quadrangle maps - ✔✔Digital raster graphics include what type of maps made
by the USGS?
✔✔Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles - ✔✔What does DOQQ stand for?
✔✔Digital orthophotograph - ✔✔What is this term?
A digital aerial photograph is corrected for topographic relief, lens distortion, and
camera tilt
✔✔- Topographic relief
- Lens distortion
- Camera tilt - ✔✔What 3 things does digital orthophotograph correct for?
✔✔- Points
- Lines
- Polygons - ✔✔Vector models consist of what?
✔✔Arc - ✔✔What is this term?
A basic unit, series of points that start and end with a node
✔✔Node - ✔✔What is this term?
Endpoint of arc, can be intersection or a direction change
✔✔Connected arcs - ✔✔What is this term?
Two arcs that share a node
✔✔Dangling arc - ✔✔What is this term?
An arc that is not connected to another arc (dead-end street)
✔✔Polygon - ✔✔What is this term?
A closed chain of connected arcs that represent boundary of an area
✔✔Island - ✔✔What is this term?
A polygon enclosed completely within another polygon
✔✔Dangling arcs and islands - ✔✔Which two vector terms are bad?
, ✔✔Storage - ✔✔What is one advantage of vector models?
✔✔Difficult to maneuver - ✔✔What is one disadvantage of vector models?
✔✔Proportion of x at time 1 - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does P₁ stand
for?
✔✔Proportion of x at time 2 - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does P₂ stand
for?
✔✔Removal of x - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does Rₓ stand for?
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a computerized system for making maps
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a tool for storing maps and pictures
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a computer-based system to store, manipulate, and
output geographical data
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS units used by the military have higher PDOP than
normal GPS units
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS works better during the day, when the clouds help
improve the signals
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS cannot work at all in the forests, even if the canopy is
sparse
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: The signals we obtain with normal GPS today contain
random error introduced by the military
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: Post-processing requires a special kind of GPS called
Differential GPS
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Measurements of Cartesian coordinates are in meters
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Measurements of geographic coordinates are in degrees
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: DOQQs are digital aerial photographs
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: A raster model consists of pixels and therefore can require
a large amount of storage
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Digital Elevation Models - ✔✔What is this term?
3D representation of a terrain's surface
✔✔United States Geological Survey - ✔✔What does USGS stand for?
✔✔7.5 quadrangle maps - ✔✔Digital raster graphics include what type of maps made
by the USGS?
✔✔Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangles - ✔✔What does DOQQ stand for?
✔✔Digital orthophotograph - ✔✔What is this term?
A digital aerial photograph is corrected for topographic relief, lens distortion, and
camera tilt
✔✔- Topographic relief
- Lens distortion
- Camera tilt - ✔✔What 3 things does digital orthophotograph correct for?
✔✔- Points
- Lines
- Polygons - ✔✔Vector models consist of what?
✔✔Arc - ✔✔What is this term?
A basic unit, series of points that start and end with a node
✔✔Node - ✔✔What is this term?
Endpoint of arc, can be intersection or a direction change
✔✔Connected arcs - ✔✔What is this term?
Two arcs that share a node
✔✔Dangling arc - ✔✔What is this term?
An arc that is not connected to another arc (dead-end street)
✔✔Polygon - ✔✔What is this term?
A closed chain of connected arcs that represent boundary of an area
✔✔Island - ✔✔What is this term?
A polygon enclosed completely within another polygon
✔✔Dangling arcs and islands - ✔✔Which two vector terms are bad?
, ✔✔Storage - ✔✔What is one advantage of vector models?
✔✔Difficult to maneuver - ✔✔What is one disadvantage of vector models?
✔✔Proportion of x at time 1 - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does P₁ stand
for?
✔✔Proportion of x at time 2 - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does P₂ stand
for?
✔✔Removal of x - ✔✔In the change-in-ratio technique, what does Rₓ stand for?
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a computerized system for making maps
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a tool for storing maps and pictures
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: GIS is a computer-based system to store, manipulate, and
output geographical data
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS units used by the military have higher PDOP than
normal GPS units
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS works better during the day, when the clouds help
improve the signals
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: GPS cannot work at all in the forests, even if the canopy is
sparse
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: The signals we obtain with normal GPS today contain
random error introduced by the military
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: Post-processing requires a special kind of GPS called
Differential GPS
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Measurements of Cartesian coordinates are in meters
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Measurements of geographic coordinates are in degrees
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: DOQQs are digital aerial photographs
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: A raster model consists of pixels and therefore can require
a large amount of storage
