RNR 2102 CORE EXAMS SET 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔True or False: For a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis is rejected when |tcalculated|
< ttabulated. - ✔✔F; >
✔✔True or False: When the 95% confidence interval for u contains c, a test if u = c will
be rejected at the 5% level. - ✔✔F; fail to reject because it does not fall within the
shaded regions
✔✔At the same a level, it is ________ (easier, more difficult) to reject H0 for a one-
tailed test as compared to a two-tailed test. - ✔✔easier
✔✔For a two-tailed test, if the critical t value from the t-table is 2.01, and the calculated t
value is -2.34, then we should ______ (reject, fail to reject) the null hypothesis. -
✔✔reject
✔✔A sample of 41 catfish was caught, and the average length is 16.1 inches. If the
variance is 30, perform the 5% test that the average length is equal to 14.5 inches. -
✔✔Fail to reject Ho
✔✔The _______________ method is used to estimate coefficients of regression
models. This method minimizes
a. ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 )
b. ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 ) 2
c. ∑|𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 |
d. None of the above - ✔✔b (least squares method)
✔✔Define streamflow. - ✔✔flow rate (or discharge) of water along a natural channel
✔✔Define watershed. - ✔✔The area of land that collects and discharges water through
one outlet
✔✔The average velocity of a stream is 0.1 ft./second. If the stream is 6 feet wide and
averaging 2 feet deep, what is the average flow of the stream? - ✔✔1.2 cu.ft./sec
✔✔Give an example of a unit of measurement for
- Load:
- Concentration: - ✔✔mass per time (tons/day), mass per vol (lbs/cu.ft.)
✔✔Give examples of some common problems with water quality:
-Inorganic Sediment:
- Organic Sediment:
, - Dissolved oxygen:
- Chemical pollutants:
- Nutrients: - ✔✔(?)
- temp, turbidity
- bacteria, algae
- hypoxia <2 mg/L, inversely related to temp
- pH
- N, P, organic matter (fertilizer)
✔✔Give an example each for point source pollution and non-point source pollution. -
✔✔Point source pollution is pollution coming from a known source, such as a factory
releasing chemicals into a stream. Non-point source pollution is pollution coming from
an unknown source, such as oil and grease from urban run-off.
✔✔BMP stands for _______________. Define. - ✔✔Best Management Practices;
methods used to prevent/reduce environmental impact, like water pollution
✔✔TMDL stands for _______________. Define. - ✔✔Total Maximum Daily Load;
amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality
standards
✔✔If a single rainstorm of 3.2 inches over 2 days fell on a 40-ha watershed, what is the
average rainfall rate in mm/hr and in cfs(ft3 /s)? - ✔✔(?)
1.693mm/hr
1.07x10^-8 ft3/s
✔✔The Comite River has an average annual flow of 620 cfs. A gravel mining operation
wants a permit to increase sediment discharge in the river, A TMDL has been
developed that limits annual sediment loads to 5500 x 103 kg. How much sediment can
the gravel mine produce without exceeding the TMDL? Express your answer in terms of
concentration (mass per volume). - ✔✔2.813 x 10^-4 kg/cu.ft.
(don'tworrytoomuchabout)
✔✔Secchi disk is used to measure water
a. temperature.
b. turbidity
b. conductivity.
c. pH - ✔✔B
✔✔(T or F) Result from electrofishing can be considered as an estimate of fish density -
✔✔F; considered an index
✔✔(T or F) The pulse frequency of electrofishing can be selected to target a certain fish
species or size. - ✔✔T
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔True or False: For a two-tailed test, the null hypothesis is rejected when |tcalculated|
< ttabulated. - ✔✔F; >
✔✔True or False: When the 95% confidence interval for u contains c, a test if u = c will
be rejected at the 5% level. - ✔✔F; fail to reject because it does not fall within the
shaded regions
✔✔At the same a level, it is ________ (easier, more difficult) to reject H0 for a one-
tailed test as compared to a two-tailed test. - ✔✔easier
✔✔For a two-tailed test, if the critical t value from the t-table is 2.01, and the calculated t
value is -2.34, then we should ______ (reject, fail to reject) the null hypothesis. -
✔✔reject
✔✔A sample of 41 catfish was caught, and the average length is 16.1 inches. If the
variance is 30, perform the 5% test that the average length is equal to 14.5 inches. -
✔✔Fail to reject Ho
✔✔The _______________ method is used to estimate coefficients of regression
models. This method minimizes
a. ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 )
b. ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 ) 2
c. ∑|𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦̂𝑖 |
d. None of the above - ✔✔b (least squares method)
✔✔Define streamflow. - ✔✔flow rate (or discharge) of water along a natural channel
✔✔Define watershed. - ✔✔The area of land that collects and discharges water through
one outlet
✔✔The average velocity of a stream is 0.1 ft./second. If the stream is 6 feet wide and
averaging 2 feet deep, what is the average flow of the stream? - ✔✔1.2 cu.ft./sec
✔✔Give an example of a unit of measurement for
- Load:
- Concentration: - ✔✔mass per time (tons/day), mass per vol (lbs/cu.ft.)
✔✔Give examples of some common problems with water quality:
-Inorganic Sediment:
- Organic Sediment:
, - Dissolved oxygen:
- Chemical pollutants:
- Nutrients: - ✔✔(?)
- temp, turbidity
- bacteria, algae
- hypoxia <2 mg/L, inversely related to temp
- pH
- N, P, organic matter (fertilizer)
✔✔Give an example each for point source pollution and non-point source pollution. -
✔✔Point source pollution is pollution coming from a known source, such as a factory
releasing chemicals into a stream. Non-point source pollution is pollution coming from
an unknown source, such as oil and grease from urban run-off.
✔✔BMP stands for _______________. Define. - ✔✔Best Management Practices;
methods used to prevent/reduce environmental impact, like water pollution
✔✔TMDL stands for _______________. Define. - ✔✔Total Maximum Daily Load;
amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality
standards
✔✔If a single rainstorm of 3.2 inches over 2 days fell on a 40-ha watershed, what is the
average rainfall rate in mm/hr and in cfs(ft3 /s)? - ✔✔(?)
1.693mm/hr
1.07x10^-8 ft3/s
✔✔The Comite River has an average annual flow of 620 cfs. A gravel mining operation
wants a permit to increase sediment discharge in the river, A TMDL has been
developed that limits annual sediment loads to 5500 x 103 kg. How much sediment can
the gravel mine produce without exceeding the TMDL? Express your answer in terms of
concentration (mass per volume). - ✔✔2.813 x 10^-4 kg/cu.ft.
(don'tworrytoomuchabout)
✔✔Secchi disk is used to measure water
a. temperature.
b. turbidity
b. conductivity.
c. pH - ✔✔B
✔✔(T or F) Result from electrofishing can be considered as an estimate of fish density -
✔✔F; considered an index
✔✔(T or F) The pulse frequency of electrofishing can be selected to target a certain fish
species or size. - ✔✔T
