NTR 454 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE | PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS |
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026/2027
Although the recommendations from WHO, CDC, etc., is exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months,
an acceptable public health goal in the US according to the Healthy people 2020 (US DHHS) is
approximately ___ % of babies - correct answer ✔✔- 20%
What is secretory immunoglobulin A? - correct answer ✔✔- The main immunoglobulin in
human milk, resistant to breakdown, acts at mucosal surfaces, and protects the baby by non-
inflammatory mechanisms, bind to microorganisms and prevent them from harming the body's
tissue
Milk is made where? In mammary... - correct answer ✔✔- Epithelial cells
Over the last decade, the rates of all breast feeding and rates of exclusive breastfeeding are
_______ - correct answer ✔✔- Both increasing
Impacts of breastfeeding include the following: - correct answer ✔✔- Reducing child disease
rates in most locations
- Reducing risk factors for chronic disease in later life
- Reducing undernutrition in developing countries
- Reduction in child diarrheal diseases
- Ear infections reduced
- Reduced medical costs
Worldwide ____% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life - correct
answer ✔✔- ~34%
,When you transplant a mammary gland to the neck... - correct answer ✔✔- Brain (nerve factor)
eliminated
This disease is an inflammation of the mammary gland - correct answer ✔✔- Mastitis
A mother is breastfeeding her 4 month old baby exclusively, is able to sleep for a 6 hour stretch
at night without breastfeeding, and menses has not returned. Which of the following is correct
regarding her chances of pregnancy? - correct answer ✔✔- She has a higher risk of becoming
pregnant and should use a complementary family planning method if pregnancy is not desired
How are blood and lymph involved in the development of mastitis? - correct answer ✔✔- High
somatic cell counts are associated with reduced milk yields and an increasing incidence of
mastitis
- The lymphatic system's nodes and vessels are commonly enlarged and tender also
- The bacterial organisms invade the breast through cracks in the nipples, the exposed lymphatic
ducts, or the milk ducts
- Mastitis occurs when white blood cells (leukocytes) are released into the mammary gland,
usually in response to bacteria invading the teat canal or occasionally by chemical, mechanical,
or thermal trauma on the udder. Milk-secreting tissue and various ducts throughout the
mammary gland are damaged due to toxins released by the bacteria resulting in reduced milk
yield and quality.
Complementary foods should be started around 6 months of life because the baby needs higher
amounts of which nutrient in his/her diet? - correct answer ✔✔- Iron
Describe the mechanism by which SIgA protects the baby - correct answer ✔✔- Mother is
exposed to pathogen, makes antibody to pathogen, breastfeeds baby, baby ingests antibody,
protected from specific pathogen
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Antibodies - correct answer ✔✔- Disease
,Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Appropriate nutrition - correct answer ✔✔- Starvation
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Warmth - correct answer ✔✔- Hypothermia
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Physical Protection - correct answer ✔✔- Predators
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Learnt Skills - correct answer ✔✔- Various Hazards
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Fertility Control - correct answer ✔✔- Excessive Birth Rate
Top three milk producing countries, as of 2011. (bovine milk) - correct answer ✔✔- US, India,
and China
Total milk production trends in the US have been increasing over the years due to which
factors? - correct answer ✔✔- Cows are each producing more milk, larger efficient farms with
more high producing cows
Cows in cool climates, such as UK, produce most the milk in the months of ________ - correct
answer ✔✔- April and May
Possible benefits of consumption of bovine milk - correct answer ✔✔- Prevention of rickets,
osteomalacia, osteoporosis
- Decrease oxidative and inflammatory stress
, - Decrease in cancer
- Prevention of metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and type 2
diabetes
- Higher amount of calcium than any other food
- The ratio of calcium to phosphate is most appropriate for bone health
- Most nutrient dense
Cows in cool climates, such as UK, produce the least milk in the months of ________ - correct
answer ✔✔- October, December, and January
Americans tend to consume more milk in the cooler months and less milk in the summer -
correct answer ✔✔- American Milk Consumption Seasonal
Reasons that adults consume milk from different species - correct answer ✔✔- Milk is usually
the lowest cost source of calories in the marketplace
Touching the skin affects the nerves that innervate the mammary gland to start an action
potential - correct answer ✔✔- First event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
The mammary nerve impulse causes an effect on its target tissue - correct answer ✔✔- Second
event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
The hormone, oxytocin, is released into the blood stream - correct answer ✔✔- Third event in
neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
Myoepithelial cells contract - correct answer ✔✔- Fourth event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk
letdown
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026/2027
Although the recommendations from WHO, CDC, etc., is exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months,
an acceptable public health goal in the US according to the Healthy people 2020 (US DHHS) is
approximately ___ % of babies - correct answer ✔✔- 20%
What is secretory immunoglobulin A? - correct answer ✔✔- The main immunoglobulin in
human milk, resistant to breakdown, acts at mucosal surfaces, and protects the baby by non-
inflammatory mechanisms, bind to microorganisms and prevent them from harming the body's
tissue
Milk is made where? In mammary... - correct answer ✔✔- Epithelial cells
Over the last decade, the rates of all breast feeding and rates of exclusive breastfeeding are
_______ - correct answer ✔✔- Both increasing
Impacts of breastfeeding include the following: - correct answer ✔✔- Reducing child disease
rates in most locations
- Reducing risk factors for chronic disease in later life
- Reducing undernutrition in developing countries
- Reduction in child diarrheal diseases
- Ear infections reduced
- Reduced medical costs
Worldwide ____% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life - correct
answer ✔✔- ~34%
,When you transplant a mammary gland to the neck... - correct answer ✔✔- Brain (nerve factor)
eliminated
This disease is an inflammation of the mammary gland - correct answer ✔✔- Mastitis
A mother is breastfeeding her 4 month old baby exclusively, is able to sleep for a 6 hour stretch
at night without breastfeeding, and menses has not returned. Which of the following is correct
regarding her chances of pregnancy? - correct answer ✔✔- She has a higher risk of becoming
pregnant and should use a complementary family planning method if pregnancy is not desired
How are blood and lymph involved in the development of mastitis? - correct answer ✔✔- High
somatic cell counts are associated with reduced milk yields and an increasing incidence of
mastitis
- The lymphatic system's nodes and vessels are commonly enlarged and tender also
- The bacterial organisms invade the breast through cracks in the nipples, the exposed lymphatic
ducts, or the milk ducts
- Mastitis occurs when white blood cells (leukocytes) are released into the mammary gland,
usually in response to bacteria invading the teat canal or occasionally by chemical, mechanical,
or thermal trauma on the udder. Milk-secreting tissue and various ducts throughout the
mammary gland are damaged due to toxins released by the bacteria resulting in reduced milk
yield and quality.
Complementary foods should be started around 6 months of life because the baby needs higher
amounts of which nutrient in his/her diet? - correct answer ✔✔- Iron
Describe the mechanism by which SIgA protects the baby - correct answer ✔✔- Mother is
exposed to pathogen, makes antibody to pathogen, breastfeeds baby, baby ingests antibody,
protected from specific pathogen
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Antibodies - correct answer ✔✔- Disease
,Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Appropriate nutrition - correct answer ✔✔- Starvation
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Warmth - correct answer ✔✔- Hypothermia
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Physical Protection - correct answer ✔✔- Predators
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Learnt Skills - correct answer ✔✔- Various Hazards
Match the biological roles of lactation with the hazards from which the young are protected:
Fertility Control - correct answer ✔✔- Excessive Birth Rate
Top three milk producing countries, as of 2011. (bovine milk) - correct answer ✔✔- US, India,
and China
Total milk production trends in the US have been increasing over the years due to which
factors? - correct answer ✔✔- Cows are each producing more milk, larger efficient farms with
more high producing cows
Cows in cool climates, such as UK, produce most the milk in the months of ________ - correct
answer ✔✔- April and May
Possible benefits of consumption of bovine milk - correct answer ✔✔- Prevention of rickets,
osteomalacia, osteoporosis
- Decrease oxidative and inflammatory stress
, - Decrease in cancer
- Prevention of metabolic syndrome, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and type 2
diabetes
- Higher amount of calcium than any other food
- The ratio of calcium to phosphate is most appropriate for bone health
- Most nutrient dense
Cows in cool climates, such as UK, produce the least milk in the months of ________ - correct
answer ✔✔- October, December, and January
Americans tend to consume more milk in the cooler months and less milk in the summer -
correct answer ✔✔- American Milk Consumption Seasonal
Reasons that adults consume milk from different species - correct answer ✔✔- Milk is usually
the lowest cost source of calories in the marketplace
Touching the skin affects the nerves that innervate the mammary gland to start an action
potential - correct answer ✔✔- First event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
The mammary nerve impulse causes an effect on its target tissue - correct answer ✔✔- Second
event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
The hormone, oxytocin, is released into the blood stream - correct answer ✔✔- Third event in
neuroendocrine reflex of milk letdown
Myoepithelial cells contract - correct answer ✔✔- Fourth event in neuroendocrine reflex of milk
letdown
