NURS6202 (CU-AGPCNP) Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam (Qns and
Ans)..
NURS6202 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Practice Questions
180 Multiple Choice Questions with Answers and Rationales
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Genetics (Questions 1-20)
1. A 58-year-old patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This represents which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: D. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Chronic hypertension increases afterload, causing the left ventricular myocardial
,cells to enlarge to maintain cardiac output. This is a compensatory adaptation,
though it can become pathologic over time .
2. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease develops Barrett
esophagus, where the normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar
epithelium. This is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another in response to chronic irritation. Barrett esophagus represents
metaplastic change from squamous to columnar epithelium as an adaptive
response to acid exposure .
,3. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of apoptosis?
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cell death due to ischemia
D. Cell death caused by necrosis
Answer: B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process of cell death that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without triggering an inflammatory
response. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis maintains cellular membrane integrity and
does not release inflammatory mediators .
4. A 72-year-old patient with chronic smoking history develops squamous cell
carcinoma of the lung. The underlying mechanism most likely involves:
A. Apoptosis
, B. Genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth
C. Metaplasia without genetic changes
D. Hypertrophy of bronchial epithelial cells
Answer: B. Genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth
Rationale: Carcinogenesis describes the multi-step process of cancer development
involving genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and malignancy.
Smoking-induced DNA damage causes mutations in oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes .
5. A patient with prolonged immobility develops muscle atrophy. This type of
atrophy is classified as:
A. Pathologic atrophy
B. Physiologic atrophy
Ans)..
NURS6202 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Practice Questions
180 Multiple Choice Questions with Answers and Rationales
Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Genetics (Questions 1-20)
1. A 58-year-old patient with chronic hypertension develops left ventricular
hypertrophy. This represents which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: D. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Chronic hypertension increases afterload, causing the left ventricular myocardial
,cells to enlarge to maintain cardiac output. This is a compensatory adaptation,
though it can become pathologic over time .
2. A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease develops Barrett
esophagus, where the normal squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar
epithelium. This is an example of:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another in response to chronic irritation. Barrett esophagus represents
metaplastic change from squamous to columnar epithelium as an adaptive
response to acid exposure .
,3. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of apoptosis?
A. Uncontrolled cell death with inflammation
B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
C. Cell death due to ischemia
D. Cell death caused by necrosis
Answer: B. Programmed cell death without inflammation
Rationale: Apoptosis is a regulated, energy-dependent process of cell death that
eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells without triggering an inflammatory
response. Unlike necrosis, apoptosis maintains cellular membrane integrity and
does not release inflammatory mediators .
4. A 72-year-old patient with chronic smoking history develops squamous cell
carcinoma of the lung. The underlying mechanism most likely involves:
A. Apoptosis
, B. Genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth
C. Metaplasia without genetic changes
D. Hypertrophy of bronchial epithelial cells
Answer: B. Genetic mutations leading to uncontrolled cell growth
Rationale: Carcinogenesis describes the multi-step process of cancer development
involving genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and malignancy.
Smoking-induced DNA damage causes mutations in oncogenes and tumor
suppressor genes .
5. A patient with prolonged immobility develops muscle atrophy. This type of
atrophy is classified as:
A. Pathologic atrophy
B. Physiologic atrophy
