NURS 751: Pain and Induction Agents Test Bank Exam
2026-2027 With Complete Questions &
Accurate Detailed Answers||DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (RELIABLE
SOLUTIONS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSION
2026 EDITION
What are the four types of opioid receptors?
Mu 1, mu 2, delta, kappa.
What are some common adverse effects of opioids?
Pruritus, urinary retention, impairment of bowel function, respiratory
depression, circulatory depression, sedation, nausea and vomiting.
Which opioid receptors are most commonly associated with opioid
effects?
Mu receptors.
,What cardiovascular effects can opioids have?
Bradycardia from medullary vagal stimulation, minimal change in blood
pressure, and potential hypotension due to histamine release.
How do opioids affect cerebral blood flow?
They decrease CMRO2, cerebral blood flow, and brain size, but these
effects are only present if CO2 levels are normal.
What happens to respiratory function when opioids are administered?
They produce respiratory depression and decrease responsiveness to
hypercarbia and hypoxia.
What is the effect of opioids on the CO2 responsiveness curve?
Opioids shift the CO2 curve to the right, requiring higher CO2 levels for
ventilation.
What can happen if a patient is too sedated or has muscle weakness after
opioid administration?
They may develop atelectasis due to inadequate breathing.
,What can cause muscle rigidity when using opioids?
Larger doses of IV opioids can cause muscle rigidity, particularly in the
chest wall.
How do opioids affect minute ventilation?
Muscle rigidity can decrease FRC and minute ventilation, increasing
oxygen consumption and ICP.
What should be monitored in elderly patients receiving opioids?
They may have an exaggerated decrease in respiratory rate.
What is the risk of combining opioids with other medications that
decrease CO2 responsiveness?
It can significantly decrease respiratory rate.
What is a potential consequence of inadequate analgesia in abdominal or
thoracic surgery?
It can lead to atelectasis due to pain preventing deep breaths.
What are some treatments for muscle rigidity caused by opioids?
Specific treatments were not provided in the notes.
What is the relationship between opioid use and CO2 accumulation in
patients?
Opioids can raise the CO2 threshold, leading to CO2 accumulation and
respiratory depression.
, What are the effects of histamine release by certain opioids?
It can cause hypotension.
What is the significance of fentanyl in cardiovascular stability?
Fentanyl is considered a great drug for cardiac patients due to its
cardiovascular stability.
What can happen if CO2 levels increase due to respiratory depression
from opioids?
Cerebral blood flow may increase, potentially raising intracranial
pressure.
What is the effect of large doses of opioids in heart cases?
Paralysis and no more chest rigidity.
What common side effect is caused by stimulating the chemoreceptor
trigger zone in the medulla?
Nausea, which may be perceived as an allergy.
What is pruritus and how is it treated?
Pruritus is itching, treated with Nubain (an opioid agonist-antagonist)
which provides some pain relief.
What is the recommended dose of morphine or fentanyl to prevent
pruritus?
Less than 0.2 mg of morphine or less than 20 mcg of fentanyl.
2026-2027 With Complete Questions &
Accurate Detailed Answers||DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (RELIABLE
SOLUTIONS) CURRENTLY UPDATED VERSION
2026 EDITION
What are the four types of opioid receptors?
Mu 1, mu 2, delta, kappa.
What are some common adverse effects of opioids?
Pruritus, urinary retention, impairment of bowel function, respiratory
depression, circulatory depression, sedation, nausea and vomiting.
Which opioid receptors are most commonly associated with opioid
effects?
Mu receptors.
,What cardiovascular effects can opioids have?
Bradycardia from medullary vagal stimulation, minimal change in blood
pressure, and potential hypotension due to histamine release.
How do opioids affect cerebral blood flow?
They decrease CMRO2, cerebral blood flow, and brain size, but these
effects are only present if CO2 levels are normal.
What happens to respiratory function when opioids are administered?
They produce respiratory depression and decrease responsiveness to
hypercarbia and hypoxia.
What is the effect of opioids on the CO2 responsiveness curve?
Opioids shift the CO2 curve to the right, requiring higher CO2 levels for
ventilation.
What can happen if a patient is too sedated or has muscle weakness after
opioid administration?
They may develop atelectasis due to inadequate breathing.
,What can cause muscle rigidity when using opioids?
Larger doses of IV opioids can cause muscle rigidity, particularly in the
chest wall.
How do opioids affect minute ventilation?
Muscle rigidity can decrease FRC and minute ventilation, increasing
oxygen consumption and ICP.
What should be monitored in elderly patients receiving opioids?
They may have an exaggerated decrease in respiratory rate.
What is the risk of combining opioids with other medications that
decrease CO2 responsiveness?
It can significantly decrease respiratory rate.
What is a potential consequence of inadequate analgesia in abdominal or
thoracic surgery?
It can lead to atelectasis due to pain preventing deep breaths.
What are some treatments for muscle rigidity caused by opioids?
Specific treatments were not provided in the notes.
What is the relationship between opioid use and CO2 accumulation in
patients?
Opioids can raise the CO2 threshold, leading to CO2 accumulation and
respiratory depression.
, What are the effects of histamine release by certain opioids?
It can cause hypotension.
What is the significance of fentanyl in cardiovascular stability?
Fentanyl is considered a great drug for cardiac patients due to its
cardiovascular stability.
What can happen if CO2 levels increase due to respiratory depression
from opioids?
Cerebral blood flow may increase, potentially raising intracranial
pressure.
What is the effect of large doses of opioids in heart cases?
Paralysis and no more chest rigidity.
What common side effect is caused by stimulating the chemoreceptor
trigger zone in the medulla?
Nausea, which may be perceived as an allergy.
What is pruritus and how is it treated?
Pruritus is itching, treated with Nubain (an opioid agonist-antagonist)
which provides some pain relief.
What is the recommended dose of morphine or fentanyl to prevent
pruritus?
Less than 0.2 mg of morphine or less than 20 mcg of fentanyl.
