NURS 222 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

NURS 222 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Florence Nightingale - Answers established first training school for nurses in London Dorothea L. Dix - Answers superintendent of women nurses by union army Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman - Answers led slaves to freedom as nurses Susie King Taylor - Answers taught soldiers to read and write Mary Ann Bickerdyke (mother) - Answers made clinliness a priority Clara Barton (Angle of the Battlefield) - Answers set up field hospitals and founded American Red Cross Linda Richards - Answers first trained nurse in the US Mary Eliza Mahoney - Answers 1st African American professionally educated nurse Julie O. Flikke - Answers nurse to be promoted to the rank of colonel in the US army ANA - Answers American Nurses Association NLN - Answers National League for Nursing, was formed to address issues in nursing education ICN - Answers international council of Nurses, dedicated to uniting nursing organizations AAMN - Answers American assembly of men in nursing Kellys Criteria: 8 Characteristics of a Profession - Answers 1. services provided are vital to humanity and to the welfare of society 2. there is a special body of knowledge that is continually enlarged through research 3. the services involve the intellectual activities: individual responsibility (accountability) is strong 4. practitioners are educated in institutions of higher learning 5. practitioners are relatively independent and control their own policies and activities (autonomy) 6. Practitioners are motivated by service (altruism) and consider their work an important component of their lives 7. there is a code of ethics to guide the decisions and conduct of practitioners 8. there is an organization (association) that encourages and supports high standards of practice Occupation - Answers -training may occur on the job -length of training varies. work in largely manual. decision making is guided largely by experiences or by trial and error -values, beliefs, and ethics are not prominent features of preparation. commitment and personal identification vary, workers are supervised. people often change jobs. -material reward is main motivation -accountability rests primarily with employer Profession - Answers -education takes place in a college or university -education is prolonged. work involves mental creativity. decision making is based largely on science or theoretical constructs (evidence-based practice) -values, beliefs, and ethics are an integral part of preparation, commitment, and personal identifications are strong. workers are autonomous. People are unlikely to change professions -commitment transcends material reward -accountability rests with the individual essence of collegiality - Answers -promotion of a supportive and health work environment, cooperation, and recognition of interdependence among members of the nursing profession - can demonstrate collegiality by sharing with, supporting, assisting, and counseling other nurses and student nurses code of ethics - Answers document that guides all nurses in their professional commitment established by ICN and ANA Common law - Answers made by judges ex. torte, battery, false imprisonment, negligence, trespassing, defamation statutory - Answers established through formal legislative processes; written laws ex. Tennessee code Annotated, traffic regulations, tax laws Administrative laws - Answers delegated authority to government agencies ex. social security administration, nurse practice act civil laws - Answers enforces rights of individuals in disputes over legal right or duties ex. bankruptcy, breach in conduct Criminal law - Answers unlawful behavior that threatens society: civil private rights ex. assaults, possession of controlled substance Nurse Practice Act - Answers defines and controls nursing sets minimum educational qualifications determines legal titles and abbreviations nurses may use provides disciplinary action of licenses for certain causes in many states NPA is a statuatory law affecting nursing practice within the bounds of the state Purpose of licensure process for nurses - Answers to protect the public health, safety, and welfare Avoid legal risks - Answers -practice in a safe setting -communicate with other health professionals, patients, and families including accurate documentation -meet the standard of care -carry and understand professional liability insurance -promote positive interpersonal relationships malpractice - Answers when a professional fails to act as a resonablely prudent professional would have 1. commission= did something that should have not been done 2. omission= failing to do things that should have been done 3. delegation= cannot delegate responsibilities like assessment of evaluation Informed consent - Answers 1. consent must be given voluntarily 2. consent must be given by an individual with the capacity and competence to understand 3. the patient must be given enough information confidentiality - Answers HIPPA (ensure the privacy and confidentiality of patients) assault - Answers a threat or attempt that was not carried out Battery - Answers the assault was carried out code of ethics for nurses - Answers is non-negotiable and each nurse has an obligation to uphold and adhere to the code of ethics. the nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual. Never intentionally harm a patient Autonomy - Answers individuals have the right to determine their own actions and freedoms to make their own decisions Beneficence - Answers "the doing of good" conflicts with autonomy most often Nonmaleficence - Answers the duty to do no harm justice - Answers nurses must be fair when distributing care moral distress/moral dilemma - Answers a response to a situation when nurses are faced with ethical dilemmas but also encounter institutional constraints that limit their actions Values - Answers attitudes, ideals, or beliefs that an individual or a group holds and uses to guide behavior Morals - Answers provide standards of behavior that guide an individual's actions where a decision about right or wrong must be made fidelity - Answers honoring ones commitments or promises Veracity - Answers telling the truth The Nursing Metaparagdigm - Answers consists of the major concepts of the discipline-person, environment, health, and nursing Nightingale Philosophy - Answers relationship of patients to their surrondings Virginia Henderson Philosophy - Answers all 14 basic needs Jean Watson Phisosophy - Answers relationship of the nurses and the patient Dorothy Orem Model - Answers patient's self-care capacities Imogene King Model - Answers personal, interpersonal, and social Sister Callista Roy Model - Answers patient adaptation and coping Hildegard Peplau theory - Answers relationship between patient and nurse Madeline Leininger Theory - Answers transcultural nursing communication breakdown - Answers -failing to see the uniqueness of the individual is caused by preconceived ideas, prejudices, and stereotypes -failing to recognize levels of meaning -using value statements and clichés -value statement indicate that the nurse has made a judgement, either positive or negative -clichés are trite, stereotyped expressions -giving false reassurance -failing to clarify SBAR - Answers -situation-background-assessment-recommendation -structured way of relaying information -it is a means to establish culture of quality, reliability, and patient safety because individuals communication through a shared set of expectations -safety= the format decreases the inherently unsafe and dysfunctional hierarchy of providers Health Promotion - Answers -these services assist patients to -remain healthy -prevent diseases and injuries -detect diseases early - promote healthier lifestyles -seek to prevent development of risk factors -assumption= patients who adopt healthy behaviors are more likely to avoid certain illnesses -these services require patients' active participation Illness prevention - Answers -address health problems after risk factors are identified -promoting cessation of alcohol use in patients with known liver disease Primary healthcare services - Answers -when the patient first enters the health care systems -goals 1. entry into the system 2. emergency care 3. health maintenance 4. management of long-term and chronic conditions 5. treatment of temporary health problems that dont require hospitilization secondary healthcare services - Answers management of condition by a specialist after being referred by a primary care provider Tertiary healthcare services - Answers provided to accutely ill. Those requiring long-term care, those needing rehabilitation services, and terminally ill Quaternary healthcare services - Answers research facility, uncommon Subacute healthcare services - Answers -goal directed, comprehensive, inpatient designed for acute illness, injury, or exacerbation of disease process -goal= provide lower cost health care and create a seamless transition of patients moving through the health care system Team nursing - Answers Advantages -potential for building team identity -provides comprehensive care -each workers' abilities used to the fullest -promotes job satisfaction -decrease nonprofessional duties of RNs Disadvantages -ongoing need for communication among team members requires commitment of time -all team members must promote teamwork or team nursing is unsuccessful -team composition varies from day-day which can be confusing and disruptive and decreases continuity of care -may result in blurred role boundaries resulting in confusion and resentment Primary nursing - Answers advantages -high patient and family satisfaction -promotes RN responsibility, authority, autonomy, and accountability -nurse can care for entire patient-physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually -patient and nurse knew each other well -promotes patient-centered decision making -increased consideration/continuity of care -promotes professionalism -justification/ sense of accomplishment Disadvantages -difficult to have all RN staff -expensive to pay all RN staff -nurses arent familiar with other patients (hard to cover) -conflicts between primary and associate nurses -stress of round the clock responsibility