PSYCHOLOGY 110 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is the cognitive perspective in psychology? - ✔✔An approach that focuses on
how people think, understand, and know about the world, viewing thinking as
information processing.
✔✔What does the humanistic perspective emphasize? - ✔✔The natural striving of
individuals to grow, develop, and control their lives, with a focus on free will.
✔✔What is the nature versus nurture debate? - ✔✔The discussion on how much
behavior is influenced by genetics (nature) versus the environment (nurture).
✔✔What is the difference between conscious and unconscious causes of behavior? -
✔✔Conscious causes are those we are aware of, while unconscious causes are those
we are not fully aware of.
✔✔What is the free will versus determinism debate? - ✔✔The discussion on whether
behavior is primarily a result of free choices or determined by external factors.
✔✔What are individual differences versus universal principles in psychology? - ✔✔The
debate on how much behavior is due to unique individual qualities versus common
principles that apply to all humans.
✔✔What trends are likely to shape the future of psychology? - ✔✔Increased
specialization, influence of neuroscientific approaches, and a greater focus on ethical
guidelines and diversity.
✔✔Who were the central figures in the development of the humanistic perspective? -
✔✔Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
✔✔What did Mamie Phipps Clark study? - ✔✔How children of color recognize racial
differences.
✔✔What is the primary focus of the neuroscience perspective? - ✔✔Viewing behavior
from the perspective of the brain, nervous system, and biological functions.
✔✔What is the main criticism of introspection as a method in psychology? - ✔✔It lacks
scientific rigor, as it is difficult to verify the accuracy of subjective reports.
✔✔What did Anna Freud contribute to psychology? - ✔✔Notable contributions to the
treatment of abnormal behavior.
, ✔✔What is the role of psychology in public interest issues? - ✔✔Psychology's influence
on public issues is expected to grow.
✔✔What is the significance of the term 'determinism' in psychology? - ✔✔It refers to the
idea that behavior is primarily produced by factors outside an individual's control.
✔✔What is the role of ethics in the future of psychology? - ✔✔Psychologists must
adhere to increasingly strict ethical and moral guidelines.
✔✔What is the impact of diversity on psychology? - ✔✔The issue of diversity is
becoming increasingly important in psychological research and practice.
✔✔ What is the scientific method? - ✔✔An approach through which psychologists
systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other
phenomena.
✔✔What are theories in psychological research? - ✔✔Broad explanations and
predictions concerning observations of interest that provide a framework for
understanding relationships among facts.
✔✔Who developed the theory of diffusion of responsibility? - ✔✔Bibb Latané and John
Darley.
✔✔What does the theory of diffusion of responsibility explain? - ✔✔The failure of
bystanders to intervene in emergencies, indicating that greater numbers of bystanders
reduce individual responsibility.
✔✔What is a hypothesis? - ✔✔A testable prediction stemming from a theory.
✔✔What is an operational definition? - ✔✔The translation of a hypothesis into specific,
testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
✔✔What is archival research? - ✔✔A research method where existing data are
examined to test a hypothesis.
✔✔What is a major advantage of archival research? - ✔✔It is inexpensive.
✔✔What is a disadvantage of archival research? - ✔✔The data may be incomplete or
not in a form that allows for thorough testing of a hypothesis.
✔✔What is naturalistic observation? - ✔✔An investigation where the researcher
observes naturally occurring behavior without making changes to the situation.
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is the cognitive perspective in psychology? - ✔✔An approach that focuses on
how people think, understand, and know about the world, viewing thinking as
information processing.
✔✔What does the humanistic perspective emphasize? - ✔✔The natural striving of
individuals to grow, develop, and control their lives, with a focus on free will.
✔✔What is the nature versus nurture debate? - ✔✔The discussion on how much
behavior is influenced by genetics (nature) versus the environment (nurture).
✔✔What is the difference between conscious and unconscious causes of behavior? -
✔✔Conscious causes are those we are aware of, while unconscious causes are those
we are not fully aware of.
✔✔What is the free will versus determinism debate? - ✔✔The discussion on whether
behavior is primarily a result of free choices or determined by external factors.
✔✔What are individual differences versus universal principles in psychology? - ✔✔The
debate on how much behavior is due to unique individual qualities versus common
principles that apply to all humans.
✔✔What trends are likely to shape the future of psychology? - ✔✔Increased
specialization, influence of neuroscientific approaches, and a greater focus on ethical
guidelines and diversity.
✔✔Who were the central figures in the development of the humanistic perspective? -
✔✔Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
✔✔What did Mamie Phipps Clark study? - ✔✔How children of color recognize racial
differences.
✔✔What is the primary focus of the neuroscience perspective? - ✔✔Viewing behavior
from the perspective of the brain, nervous system, and biological functions.
✔✔What is the main criticism of introspection as a method in psychology? - ✔✔It lacks
scientific rigor, as it is difficult to verify the accuracy of subjective reports.
✔✔What did Anna Freud contribute to psychology? - ✔✔Notable contributions to the
treatment of abnormal behavior.
, ✔✔What is the role of psychology in public interest issues? - ✔✔Psychology's influence
on public issues is expected to grow.
✔✔What is the significance of the term 'determinism' in psychology? - ✔✔It refers to the
idea that behavior is primarily produced by factors outside an individual's control.
✔✔What is the role of ethics in the future of psychology? - ✔✔Psychologists must
adhere to increasingly strict ethical and moral guidelines.
✔✔What is the impact of diversity on psychology? - ✔✔The issue of diversity is
becoming increasingly important in psychological research and practice.
✔✔ What is the scientific method? - ✔✔An approach through which psychologists
systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other
phenomena.
✔✔What are theories in psychological research? - ✔✔Broad explanations and
predictions concerning observations of interest that provide a framework for
understanding relationships among facts.
✔✔Who developed the theory of diffusion of responsibility? - ✔✔Bibb Latané and John
Darley.
✔✔What does the theory of diffusion of responsibility explain? - ✔✔The failure of
bystanders to intervene in emergencies, indicating that greater numbers of bystanders
reduce individual responsibility.
✔✔What is a hypothesis? - ✔✔A testable prediction stemming from a theory.
✔✔What is an operational definition? - ✔✔The translation of a hypothesis into specific,
testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
✔✔What is archival research? - ✔✔A research method where existing data are
examined to test a hypothesis.
✔✔What is a major advantage of archival research? - ✔✔It is inexpensive.
✔✔What is a disadvantage of archival research? - ✔✔The data may be incomplete or
not in a form that allows for thorough testing of a hypothesis.
✔✔What is naturalistic observation? - ✔✔An investigation where the researcher
observes naturally occurring behavior without making changes to the situation.
